户籍制度对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响

2014-10-17 12:08朱新华
中国人口·资源与环境 2014年10期
关键词:户籍制度影响因素

朱新华

摘要

现行的户籍制度黏附着城乡差别化的入学、住房、养老保障等权利配置功能,严重制约着农村宅基地的社保功能向资产功能转化,是影响农户宅基地退出意愿的关键因素。文章在理论分析的基础上,提出两个基本假设,并运用加入控制变量的“双差”分析法,以重庆(实验地区)和武汉(控制地区)的农户调查数据为基础,定量分析和实证检验了户籍制度对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响。回归结果显示,时间哑变量和地区哑变量的交叉项(即户籍制度改革效应)通过了1%的正显著性检验,说明户籍制度改革对实验地区农户宅基地退出意愿产生了显著的影响,使得愿意退出宅基地的农户比例增加了37%;而且在户籍改革力度较大的地区,农户宅基地退出意愿相对较大。另外,“人均住房面积、小康村、城镇郊区村”与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著负相关关系,而“家庭人均非农就业收入、补偿标准”与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著正相关关系。鉴于此,建议加大户籍制度改革力度,进行户籍制度改革的制度构造与功能分配,构建农业转移人口退出宅基地与在城镇落户享有城镇居民公共服务之间的衔接和转换机制,协调户籍制度与社会保障制度;在此基础上,制定农村宅基地退出程序和补偿标准,设计与城镇住宅用地管理制度统一的农村宅基地复垦整理、收回储备、市场供应与使用监管的政策框架体系,确保退出后的宅基地得到有效利用,从而提高农村土地集约利用水平,为经济社会可持续发展提供用地保障。

关键词 户籍制度;宅基地退出;双差法;影响因素

中图分类号 F321.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1002-2104(2014)10-0129-06 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.018

改革开放以来,在中国工业化、城镇化的加速发展过程中,出现了农村人口的历史性转移、迁徙。据统计,在城市打工的农民已有1.6亿人,未来要达到60%的城市化水平,还将会有大量的农民工进城并在城市定居[1]。但由于农村土地管理中宅基地退出机制的缺失,大量在外打工并且定居在城市的农民,其在农村占有的宅基地并未退出,导致了我国许多省份农村人口转移并未与农村宅基地用地缩减相挂钩,造成了大量宅基地的闲置和浪费,主要表现为在农村不同程度地存在“人走屋空”、宅基地“建新不拆旧”、新建住宅向外围扩展等现象[2]。从资源优化配置角度来讲,农村宅基地退出机制的建立,对于交出宅基地的那部分进城农民而言,他们闲置的资产得以盘活,并获得财产性收益,为解决其进城后的居住问题提供部分资金;而对于国家而言,这部分退出的宅基地可以进行复耕,从而增加耕地面积,也可以将其收归国有,转化为城市建设用地,缓解城市用地紧张局面,保障经济社会的可持续发展[3]。但是在现实中,农村宅基地退出改革并未如改革者所愿,而且也并不受农户欢迎[4],绝大部分外出务工农民并没有放弃自己的承包地和宅基地。学者们普遍认为,经济补偿标准、家庭经济收入状况、家庭劳动力非农就业状况、家庭赡养人口状况、社会保障完善程度等是影响农户宅基地退出的基本因素[5-7]。另外,是否还存在一些关键因素呢?邓海峰认为户籍制度作为一套在计划经济体制下建立和完善起来的、黏附着各种资源配置和权利分配制度的社会管理制度,严重阻碍农村土地使用权的自由流转[8]。在现行的户籍制度下,城市居民能够基于其所具有的社会身份获得城镇的养老、失业、医疗等社会保障,使其在自主地选择职业、居住地的同时毫无后顾之忧。然而,在广大的农村地区,以还原经济自由为导向的经济身份改革未能在农民身上得以实现,同时,社会身份又决定了他们在离开土地、脱离集体经济组织后没有新的社会保障来源,因此,农民仍然需要依靠土地维系生存,无法以自由人的身份去寻求更广阔的发展。可以说,现行城乡二元的户籍制度阻断了作为农民工进城务工配套制度出现的农村宅基地使用权退出的可行性与有效性,致使我国出现了城市化进程不彻底和农村土地制度改革低效率的双重不利局面。户籍制度改革后农民获得了同等的城市合法生存权利,在此基础上农民工经济收入、消费心理、意识观念随之改变,与其联系最为密切的农村宅基地的总体态势、区域格局及耦合特征等方面也必然受到影响[6]

从长期来看,土地和户籍制度的联动改革既能够为下一轮的中国经济增长注入新的动力,又能够促进区域间平衡和城市内部的和谐发展[9]。因此,我们需要在认识和分析户籍制度与农村宅基地使用权退出制度相互关系的基础上,提出以户籍制度改革为核心、以完善农村宅基地使用权退出机制为目的的政策建议。

1 户籍制度对农户宅基地退出的影响:黏附效应抑或替代效应?

建国初期出于重工业发展的需要,我国逐渐形成了以将农民禁锢在土地之上,保证农业生产稳定,控制农村人口过快流入城镇为主要目的的户籍制度。在新的历史时期,户籍制度制约人口自由流动与迁徙的作用在新的历史时期被逐步地弱化,如今已经在事实上丧失了限制人口自由流动的功能[10],进而演变为排斥农村人口与城镇居民分享资源,维护城镇居民既得利益的制度工具[11]。现实中出现的如下矛盾现象即可说明问题:中小城市因其户籍含金量较低,其政府最终将趋于不断降低户籍门槛;相反,户籍含金量较高的大中城市最终则趋于不断提高户籍门槛[12]。这种制度安排所引发的更为深层次的就业制度、社会保障制度的城乡差别导致农民无法自由流动、农村土地要素无法自由流动从而使得农村土地的社会保障功能无法货币化。因此,户籍制度改革的重点与难点并不在于放开户籍制度对人口自由流动进行约束等问题上面,而在于恢复户籍制度的单一功能,取消黏附于户籍制度之上的各种资源配置和权利分配的具体制度,使其从区别公民待遇的手段转变为纯粹的公民身份证明和政府人口统计工具[8]。户籍制度改革势在必行,而且户籍制度应该要与土地制度联动改革。

据此,本文拟提出以下两个假设,并运用相关模型进行实证分析与检验。

(1)现行的户籍制度黏附着城乡差别化的入学、住房、养老保障等权利配置功能,严重制约着宅基地的社保功能向资产功能的转化,是影响农户宅基地退出意愿的关键因素。对比不同地区的户籍制度改革实践可以发现,在改革力度较大的地区,农户宅基地退出意愿相对较大,户籍制度改革对农户宅基地退出决策发挥着较强的促进效应。据此提出本研究第一个假设:

假设Ⅰ: 户籍制度是影响农户宅基地退出的关键因素,随着户改力度的加大,农户宅基地退出意愿有所提高。

(2)不同类型的农户,家庭资源禀赋(非农就业人数、经济收入水平、家庭人均财富等)不同,宅基地在其家庭保障中所发挥的作用不同,对户籍制度改革的期望也有所不同。一般而言,家庭非农就业人数较多、经济收入较高、家庭人均财富较多的农户,更看重的是宅基地的资产功能,宅基地资产价值一定程度上替代了其对户籍制度改革的期望。据此提出本研究第二个假设:

假设Ⅱ:具有不同的家庭资源禀赋的农户,其宅基地退出意愿受户籍制度改革的影响不同。

通过添加控制变量,利用公式(2)的回归方程对农户调查数据进行回归,不仅具有双差回归分析方法的优点,同时可以控制其他可能因素的干扰,从而分离出户籍制度改革这一外部事件对农户宅基地退出意愿影响,还可以发现对农户宅基地退出意愿可能产生影响的其他因素。

2.2 研究区域选取

实证研究区域的选择在本研究中最为重要。根据“加入控制变量的双差方法”运用的要求,需要选取一个户籍制度改革进行的地区(实验地区)和一个没有进行户籍制度改革的地区(控制地区)。

实验地区的选择则需要有较强的代表性。毫无疑问,重庆市被批准设立全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区之后,积极推动城乡土地制度和户籍制度改革,创新地票制度,有力地促进城乡人口迁移和农村土地流动。特别是,2010年8月1日颁布实施了《重庆市户籍制度改革农村土地退出与利用办法(试行)》(以下简称《办法》)后,重庆市城乡土地制度和户籍制度改革全面推进。重庆市的改革不仅力度较大,而且覆盖面较广,具有较强的代表性。

而控制地区的选择则需要主要考虑降低统计分析的误差,即为了尽量降低两个地区的观察变量(除受户籍制度不同影响外)所受的其他不同性质的影响,除了引入控制变量以外,对比研究的省份尽量做到规模相当、地域相邻、经济实力相仿。鉴于此,本文拟选取武汉市作为控制地区。

2.3 指标设计与数据描述

因变量上文已经论述,自变量设计如下:

①农户家庭禀赋,包括:家庭人数(个)、家庭劳动力人口比例(%)、家庭人口中最高教育年限(年)、是否机关干部家庭(哑变量)、人均住房面积(m2/人)、住房结构(土木=1,砖混=2,钢混=3);另外,还需要考虑家庭所在村状况,包括:村是否小康村(哑变量)、村是否城镇郊区(哑变量)。②家庭劳动力非农就业状况,包括:家庭劳动力非农就业人口比例(%)、家庭人均非农就业收入(元/人)。③家庭经济收入状况用家庭人均财富(元/人。财富定义为家庭拥有的所有资产的货币价值,具体内容包括现金、存款、对外投资、对外借款和固定资产原值并扣除借入款)[14]表示。④家庭赡养人口状况,用65岁以上老龄人口所占劳动人口(14岁到64岁)的比重即赡养率来表示。⑤家庭社会保障状况,包括:新型农村合作医疗保险参保率(%)、新型农村养老保险参保率(%)。⑥拆迁补偿诉求,包括:补偿标准诉求(现行标准=1、与城市拆迁标准相同=2、双方谈判=3)、补偿方式诉求(货币补偿=1、产权置换或其他=0)。

鉴于重庆(试验地区)于2010年8月1日实施户籍制度与农村土地退出改革,因而选择2009年和2011年作为改革前和改革后。课题组于2010年7月和2012年7月两次赴重庆市的江津区、永川区、渝北区、城口县和武汉市的江汉区、青山区、江夏区、黄陂区,共8区(县)56个行政村560户村民(全部选择的是未退出宅基地的农户,这是因为:一方面,已经退出宅基地的农户并不多;另一方面,在退出宅基地的农户中,真正自愿退出的很少,大多是在政府推行的“城乡统筹”、“农村土地整治”过程中的被动退出)就2009年和2011年宅基地退出意愿及家庭基本情况进行调查,分别回收有效问卷525份和512份。问卷的统计分析结果见表1。

分年度来看,重庆、武汉农户宅基地使用权流转意愿的平均值由2009年的2.988、2.853分别上升到2011年的3.545和3.491(表1)。分地区来看,不管是2009年还是2011年,重庆农户宅基地使用权流转意愿的平均值均高于武汉(表1),这说明在户籍制度改革力度较大的地区,农户宅基地使用权流转意愿相对强烈。另外,从重庆和武汉两地16个自变量调查结果的对比可见,各变量之间的差距并不大,这说明我们选取武汉作为控制地区具有较强的合理性。

2.4 计量结果及分析

通过使用上述16个自变量,对模型进行回归分析(回归方程估计结果见表2),以考察户籍制度改革对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响。

由表2可见,大部分变量的估计结果都十分显著,而且系数符号与理论预期基本吻合,这说明我们的估计是有效的。下面根据模型估计结果将户籍制度对农户宅基地退出意愿的主要结论归纳如下:

第一,时间哑变量没有通过显著性检验,说明户籍制度改革前后,农户宅基地退出意愿并没有显著的变化,这可能是由于重庆市2010年8月才颁布《办法》,而本文选择2011年作为“改革后”,时间跨度较短,《办法》的效应还没有显现。

地区哑变量通过了5%的正显著性检验,说明试验地区(重庆)和控制地区(武汉)农户宅基地退出意愿具有显著差异,试验地区(重庆)农户宅基地退出意愿为控制地区(武汉)的1.29倍。

时间哑变量和地区哑变量的交叉项(即改革效应)通 过了1%的正显著性检验,说明户籍制度改革对实验地区农户宅基地退出意愿产生了显著的影响,使得愿意退出宅基地的农户比例增加了37%。由此可见,“户籍制度是影响农户宅基地退出的关键因素。在改革力度较大的地区,农户宅基地退出的意愿相对较大”,假设Ⅰ得到验证。

第二,其他控制变量对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响总结如下:①人均住房面积与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著负相关关系,这说明农户现有住房面积越大,其对住房满意度越高,因此对宅基地的退出和房屋的拆除具有较强的抵抗心理;②家庭所在村是否小康村、是否城镇郊区均与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著负相关关系,这符合一般常识,即小康村人均收入水平相对较高、村庄环境和居住环境相对舒适,他们更愿意待在农村,而不愿意退出自己的宅基地和房屋。而村庄位于城镇郊区则房屋出租的机会则大,农户因此获得了长期、稳定的宅基地财产收益,在目前农村宅基地使用权流转正常市场价格没有形成之前,宅基地的长期、稳定的出租收益远高于一次性流转收益,因而农户不愿意退出自己的宅基地和房屋;③家庭人均非农就业收入与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著正相关关系,这可能是由两方面原因造成的:首先,非农就业收入较高,说明外出务工时间较长,相对较容易融入和接纳城市生活。其次,非农就业收入较高,他们承担搬迁和城市居住费用的能力相对较强,并且能够享受城市居住环境带来的清洁与便利;④补偿标准与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著正相关关系,毫无疑问,一直以来农村征地拆迁补偿标准都是农户关注的焦点,也是农村征地冲突的核心问题。如果当地的补偿标准越高,农户愿意退出宅基地的意愿相对就较高。一个很好的例证就是现在很多经济发达地区的城郊结合部的农户大多倾向于征地拆迁,因为他们能得到较高的补偿和城市住房,生活因此而改变。

综上所述,“不同类型的农户,家庭资源禀赋不同,宅基地在其家庭保障中所发挥的作用不同,对户籍制度改革的期望也有所不同,假说Ⅱ得到验证。

3 结论与政策建议

本文运用加入控制变量的“双差”分析法,以重庆和武汉农户调查数据为基础,对户籍制度对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响进行定量研究。研究发现,户籍制度改革对农户宅基地退出意愿产生了显著的正影响,在户籍改革力度较大的地区,农户宅基地退出的意愿相对较大;另外,人均住房面积、家庭所在村是否小康村、是否城镇郊区与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著负相关关系,而家庭人均非农就业收入、补偿标准与农户宅基地退出意愿呈显著正相关关系。本文提出的假说Ⅰ和假说Ⅱ得到验证。

上述结论隐含的政策含义是:在现行的户籍制度下,农民无法享受与城镇居民同等的就业、住房及子女入学权益,农村宅基地承担起了对农民的社会保障职能,这大大制约了农户退出宅基地的意愿和行为。要想推动农户退

出宅基地,从而盘活农村土地资产,提高农村土地集约利用水平,户籍制度改革是先决条件。为此,首先,加大户籍制度改革力度,进行户籍制度改革的制度构造与功能分配,构建农业转移人口退出宅基地与在城镇落户享有城镇居民公共服务之间的衔接和转换机制,协调户籍制度与社会保障制度;其次,制定农村宅基地退出程序和补偿标准,规范引导农村农民自发退出宅基地;最后,设计与城镇住宅用地管理制度统一的农村宅基地复垦整理、收回储备、市场供应与使用监管的政策框架体系,确保退出后的宅基地得到有效利用,从而提高农村土地集约利用水平,为经济社会可持续发展提供用地保障。

(编辑:刘呈庆)

参考文献(References)

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[14]孙文凯,白重恩. 我国农民消费行为的影响因素[J]. 清华大学学报:哲学社会科学版, 2008, 23(6):133-139.[Sun Wenkai, Bai Chongen. Income Fluctuation and Influential factors on Farmer Consumption[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 23(6): 133-139.]

Effect of Household Registration System on Farmers Willingness ofExiting from Rural Housing Land

ZHU Xinhua

(School of Public Administration,Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210098, China)

Abstract Currently, the school entrance, housing, social security pension, and other right allocation functions with urban and rural differentiation are attached to the household registration system, which seriously restricts the transformation from social security function to asset function of rural housing land; this is the key factor which affects farmers willingness of exiting from housing land. On the basis of theory analysis, this paper puts forward two basic hypotheses, and makes use of the ‘doubledifference analysis to carry out quantitative research on the effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land based on the survey data on farmers in Chongqing and Wuhan. The results show that the crosssectional dummy variables of time and area (that is, effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land) through the significant positive test of 1%. The reform of household registration system has a significant positive effect on the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. The number of farmer willing to exit from rural housing land grows about thirtyseven percentage points. In the area with the greater reform, the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land is higher. In addition, the per capita housing area, comparatively welloff village and suburb village has significant negative correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land; the family per capita income from nonagricultural employment and compensation standard has significant positive correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. In view of this fact, it is suggested to strengthen the reform of household registration system, carry out system construction and function distribution for the reform of household registration system, construct the cohesion and conversion mechanism between agricultural transfer populations exiting from rural housing land and agricultural populations settling in city and enjoying public service of urban residents, and coordinate the household registration system and social insurance system. On this basis, we shall make the exiting procedures and compensation standards for rural housing land, and design the policy framework system about reclamation and systemizing, recovery and reserve, market supply, use and supervision of rural housing land which is uniform to urban residential land management system to ensure that the housing land from which the farmers exit can be effectively utilized, so as to improve the intensive use of rural land and provide landuse guarantee for sustainable development of economic society.

Key words household registration system; exiting from rural housing land; ‘doubledifference method; influential factor

[14]孙文凯,白重恩. 我国农民消费行为的影响因素[J]. 清华大学学报:哲学社会科学版, 2008, 23(6):133-139.[Sun Wenkai, Bai Chongen. Income Fluctuation and Influential factors on Farmer Consumption[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 23(6): 133-139.]

Effect of Household Registration System on Farmers Willingness ofExiting from Rural Housing Land

ZHU Xinhua

(School of Public Administration,Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210098, China)

Abstract Currently, the school entrance, housing, social security pension, and other right allocation functions with urban and rural differentiation are attached to the household registration system, which seriously restricts the transformation from social security function to asset function of rural housing land; this is the key factor which affects farmers willingness of exiting from housing land. On the basis of theory analysis, this paper puts forward two basic hypotheses, and makes use of the ‘doubledifference analysis to carry out quantitative research on the effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land based on the survey data on farmers in Chongqing and Wuhan. The results show that the crosssectional dummy variables of time and area (that is, effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land) through the significant positive test of 1%. The reform of household registration system has a significant positive effect on the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. The number of farmer willing to exit from rural housing land grows about thirtyseven percentage points. In the area with the greater reform, the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land is higher. In addition, the per capita housing area, comparatively welloff village and suburb village has significant negative correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land; the family per capita income from nonagricultural employment and compensation standard has significant positive correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. In view of this fact, it is suggested to strengthen the reform of household registration system, carry out system construction and function distribution for the reform of household registration system, construct the cohesion and conversion mechanism between agricultural transfer populations exiting from rural housing land and agricultural populations settling in city and enjoying public service of urban residents, and coordinate the household registration system and social insurance system. On this basis, we shall make the exiting procedures and compensation standards for rural housing land, and design the policy framework system about reclamation and systemizing, recovery and reserve, market supply, use and supervision of rural housing land which is uniform to urban residential land management system to ensure that the housing land from which the farmers exit can be effectively utilized, so as to improve the intensive use of rural land and provide landuse guarantee for sustainable development of economic society.

Key words household registration system; exiting from rural housing land; ‘doubledifference method; influential factor

[14]孙文凯,白重恩. 我国农民消费行为的影响因素[J]. 清华大学学报:哲学社会科学版, 2008, 23(6):133-139.[Sun Wenkai, Bai Chongen. Income Fluctuation and Influential factors on Farmer Consumption[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University: Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 23(6): 133-139.]

Effect of Household Registration System on Farmers Willingness ofExiting from Rural Housing Land

ZHU Xinhua

(School of Public Administration,Hohai University, Nanjing Jiangsu 210098, China)

Abstract Currently, the school entrance, housing, social security pension, and other right allocation functions with urban and rural differentiation are attached to the household registration system, which seriously restricts the transformation from social security function to asset function of rural housing land; this is the key factor which affects farmers willingness of exiting from housing land. On the basis of theory analysis, this paper puts forward two basic hypotheses, and makes use of the ‘doubledifference analysis to carry out quantitative research on the effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land based on the survey data on farmers in Chongqing and Wuhan. The results show that the crosssectional dummy variables of time and area (that is, effect of household registration system on farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land) through the significant positive test of 1%. The reform of household registration system has a significant positive effect on the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. The number of farmer willing to exit from rural housing land grows about thirtyseven percentage points. In the area with the greater reform, the farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land is higher. In addition, the per capita housing area, comparatively welloff village and suburb village has significant negative correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land; the family per capita income from nonagricultural employment and compensation standard has significant positive correlation with farmers willingness of exiting from rural housing land. In view of this fact, it is suggested to strengthen the reform of household registration system, carry out system construction and function distribution for the reform of household registration system, construct the cohesion and conversion mechanism between agricultural transfer populations exiting from rural housing land and agricultural populations settling in city and enjoying public service of urban residents, and coordinate the household registration system and social insurance system. On this basis, we shall make the exiting procedures and compensation standards for rural housing land, and design the policy framework system about reclamation and systemizing, recovery and reserve, market supply, use and supervision of rural housing land which is uniform to urban residential land management system to ensure that the housing land from which the farmers exit can be effectively utilized, so as to improve the intensive use of rural land and provide landuse guarantee for sustainable development of economic society.

Key words household registration system; exiting from rural housing land; ‘doubledifference method; influential factor

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