中国古代景观居住观

[摘 要]景观作为环境美的存在形式，主要由两个方面的因素构成：一是“景”，二是“观”。在以景观居住为审美边界的视阈中，中国古代出现了四种不同的居住形式：一是达官贵人营造的，既拥有自然因素，又享受人世奢华的宅第——园林；二是隐于名山大川、安享自然的隐士居所——世外桃源；三是普通老百姓怀着对自然质朴的追求，对房前屋后美化所形成的住所——民居；四是由心意触发，借助绘画等艺术作品和自然中显现的点点滴滴，从飞花落叶中感悟到大自然“大爱无形，大音稀声”的审美意境，进入“随遇而安”人生境界的高士住宅——意所。这四种居住形式，集中体现了中国古代景观居住观，是中国古代人生观对居住空间态度的直接写照，对当代中国居住形式的研发具有现实的参考意义。

[关键词]中国古代景观；居住空间；环境美学

[中图分类号]B83-05；X1-05 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1674-6848（2014）05-0013-05

[作者简介]李映彤（1969—），男，上海人，湖北工业大学艺术设计学院副教授，主要从事景观居住空间研究。（湖北武汉 430068）

[基金项目]2013年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国古代环境美学史研究”（13&ZD072）的阶段性成果。

Abstract： Landscape， as a form of environmental beauty， was mainly constituted by two factors of 'scenery' and 'view'. From the aesthetic perspective of landscape inhabitation， there were four forms of living space in ancient China： first， private gardens， which are built by some grandees， have natural elements and are also very luxurious； second， retreats away from the turmoil of the world， which are built by hermits completely unaware of what happened in the real world； third， folk residence， which is built by the common people， located in their local residence with natural surroundings decorated by themselves； and fourth， ideal places， with paintings and other works of art and nature， which are built by some wise and intelligent people， show artistic conception of“great love is invisible”and“big voice sound thin”. These four forms of living space reflect the ancient Chinese views on landscape inhabitation and attitudes towards living space. It is no doubt that this study has a practical reference for research of living forms in contemporary China.

Key words： landscape in ancient China； living space； environmental aesthetics

景观作为环境美的存在形式，主要由两个方面的因素构成：一是“景”，是指客观存在的各种可感知的物质因素；二是“观”，是指审美主体感受景色时的种种主观心理因素。①

中国古代居住形式与传统文化的发展息息相关。自从汉武帝“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”以后，以孔子为代表的儒家学说成为社会的正统思想。……