儿童期桥本甲状腺炎的病变特征及转归

2015-03-20 15:26李俊峰
淮海医药 2015年3期
关键词:儿童期桥本甲状腺炎

李俊峰

自身免疫性甲状腺病(AITD)存在不同的临床类型:典型的桥本甲状腺炎(HT)和格雷夫斯病(GD)。GD 和HT 有着不同的表现形式和发病机制,因此二者的存在机制尚未完全清楚。通常认为,HT 和GD 有许多共同的致病因素。曾有报道,单卵双胞胎中1 人患有GD,而另1 人患有HT[1-3]。2 种情况也可集中出现在同一家族中[4],甚至可共存于同一甲状腺组织[5]。另外,一些个体也可出现有二者互相转换的情况。GD 自发进展成桥本甲减的情况是比较常见的[6],而HT 进展为GD 的情况偶尔也可见报道[7-9]。HT 是儿童期最常见的甲状腺炎类型[10],它也是世界上高碘地区儿科甲状腺疾病最常见的原因。虽然存在着极高的发病率,但关于HT,尤其是儿童期HT 的自然进展至今仍存在许多争议。现就本病的疾病进展进行文献综述,为临床医师诊治本病提供参考。

1 HT 的表现

在诊断时发现,儿童及青少年HT 患者通常可无症状。常可于检查无关疾病或高危人群筛查时,发现主要表现为甲状腺肿或甲状腺机能减退症状的情况[11]。在儿科病例报告中,HT 患儿甲状腺功能状态有显著的不同[12-16]。根据甲状腺功能可分为甲状腺机能减退、甲状腺机能亢进及亚临床甲减或甲亢。

在近期一项研究中,通过评估多中心608 名诊断为HT 的儿童及青少年的临床和实验室特征。通过研究HT 病例中的甲状腺功能状态分布比例,分析就诊时甲状腺机能状态的影响因素[17]。结果显示,有52.1%的病人为甲状腺机能正常;41.4%的病人为甲状腺机能减退或亚临床甲状腺机能减退;6.5%的病人为甲状腺机能亢进或亚临床甲亢。HT 患儿发生甲状腺功能异常的平均年龄显著低于甲状腺功能正常的儿童。另外,其他影响甲状腺机能状态的因素还有如下几个方面。首先,与青春期前的体质有关,如合并Down 或Turner 综合征及其他自身免疫病,会显著增加发生甲状腺功能不全的风险[17]。其次,HT 患者的甲状腺机能状态与儿童年龄有关,在早期桥本甲状腺的病例中发生严重腺体功能障碍的风险有所增加[17]。再次,还存在其他与之相关的因素包括染色体病、其他自身免疫病及环境因素等[18]。

HT 的暂时性甲状腺机能亢进阶段被称为桥本中毒(Htx),它是由于炎症介导的甲状腺破坏,储存的甲状腺激素释放入血造成的[19]。Htx 是儿童甲状腺毒症的第二位常见因素,仅次于GD[20]。Htx 所表现的症状和体征十分接近于GD的常见表现。曾有儿童期Htx 临床表现的回顾性研究指出[21],只基于临床症状和实验室检查,鉴别Htx 和GD 是存在一定困难的[22]。

2 HT 的进展

近期有关于儿童期HT 长期预后的回顾性研究指出,有显著的甲状腺机能亢进的HT 病例中,在Htx 症状出现平均8个月之后(其时间区间有较大的变异),甲状腺机能亢进状态将有所转变[23]。该研究显示,儿童期Htx 的病例中不仅需要延长临床和实验室随访时间,还应只给予必要的药物治疗,并且不需要非药物治疗[23]。儿童Htx 的甲状腺机能亢进将面临着明确的机能减退。

在生物化学和/或临床表现为甲状腺机能正常的儿童期HT 病例中,其自然病程特征为,50%的病例甲状腺机能有渐进式的减退,5年期的随访显示剩余50%的病例或可转变为甲状腺功能正常状态[24]。目前研究显示,甲状腺肿大、甲状腺球蛋白自身抗体高表达、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体和TSH 的进行性升高,被认为是甲状腺机能减退进展的前瞻性因素[24]。与之相似,在最初表现为亚临床甲状腺功能低下(SH)的HT 患儿中,随着时间的推移,存在着自发的甲状腺机能衰退;在单一病例中,病变过程是非常缓慢和不可预知的[25]。因此,在密切的临床随访下,观察是否需应用了L-T4治疗仍需较长的时间。在SH 的HT 儿童中如存在以下危险因素如腹泻、高TSH 和过氧化物酶抗体,3年期随访发生明显甲减的风险显著增加[26-27]。目前,高水平的TSH 被公认为是提示SH 未来进展为甲状腺功能低下的最好指证。

目前众多文献指出,在SH 的患儿中,随着时间的变化发展成为典型的甲状腺机能减退的风险,有HT 的患儿要高于不存在HT 的患儿[28-29]。这个结论被新进许多关于亚临床甲减的研究所支持[30-33]。这些研究表明,在AITD 疾病谱中,HT和GD 之间存在着一定联系[7,9,34-35]。

3 结论

(1)常见的儿童表桥本甲状腺炎现形式有甲状腺功能正常、甲状腺功能减退或亚临床甲减、甲状腺功能亢进或亚临床甲亢。(2)甲状腺功能状态与患者年龄有关。(3)在最初表现为甲状腺功能正常和亚临床甲减的桥本甲状腺炎患儿,存在着甲状腺功能逐步减退的趋势。(4)随着时间的推移,存在亚临床甲减的患儿,存在桥本甲状腺炎的发展成为甲状腺机能减退的风险要高于那些没有潜在甲状腺疾病的儿童。

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