解开名词性从句的五大惑

2015-05-30 10:52胡瑞明
高中生学习·高三版 2015年9期
关键词:同位语连接词语序

胡瑞明

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句既是学习中的难点和重点,更是高考中的重要考点之一。现就名词性从句学习中的五大疑惑作如下分析,供同学们学习参考。

[一 连接词之惑]

1. what or that?

what与that的区别是学习名词性从句的重点和难点,二者在名词性从句中的作用不同。what是连接代词,在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用,而且有词义,表示“……的事情”,相当于the thing that ...,在句中可充当主语、宾语或表语;而that是纯粹的连接词,本身无词义,也不充当句子成分,在从句中只起连接作用,因而在口语和非正式文体的宾语从句中经常省略,但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般不能省略。

例1 (改错) What impressed the audience most was what the magician Liu Qian played in this years Spring Gala.

解析 分析句子结构可知,句中含有一个主语从句what impressed the audience most ...和一个表语从句 the magician Liu Qian played in this years Spring Gala。表语从句中,句意和结构完整,不缺少句子成分,所以用连接词that引导。故将was后面的what改为that。

例2 (改错) Experts believe what people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.

解析 本句句意为“专家们相信人们通过只在必要时购买能减少浪费食物”。由空格前的believe可判断,believe的后面是一个宾语从句,而该宾语从句结构和句意完整,因此应用只起连接作用的that。故将what改为that。

例3 (改错) “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is that my mother used to tell me.

解析 this is后面是表语从句,从句中动词tell后面缺少直接宾语(tell sb sth),故将第二个that改为what,表示“妈妈过去常常告诉我的事情”。

例4 (改错) It is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world.

解析 句中的it是形式主语,真正的主语为to imagine life was like for slaves in the ancient world。imagine引导的宾语从句中,介词like后缺少宾语,故将that改为what。

例5 (改错) Its good to know what the dogs will be well cared for while were away.

解析 分析句子结构可知,it是形式主语,真正的主语为to know the dogs will be well cared for while were away. know引导的宾语从句中成分完整,意思完整,故应将what改为that。

2. whether or if ?

whether与if在引导名词性从句时都有“是否”的含义,区别主要表现在以下几点:

(1)whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,但是if只能引导宾语从句;

(2)whether引导的宾语从句可作介词的宾语,而if不能引导介词之后的宾语从句;

(3)在宾语从句中和or not连用时只能用whether。

例6 (改错) It remains to be seen if the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice.

解析 句意为“新成立的委员会的政策能否付诸实践,还有待观察”。it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句,而if不能引导主语从句,故将if改为whether。

例7 (改错) It doesnt matter if you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.

解析 句意为“在十字路口无论右转还是左转都没关系——两条路都能通向公园”。在名词性从句中和or not连用时只能用whether,故需将if改为whether。

3. 连接代词or连接副词?

连接代词who, whom, what, which和whatever等,在句中既起连接作用,本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语,并保留本身的含义。连接副词when, where, how, why, how many, how much和wherever等,在句中既起连接作用,本身又作从句的状语同时保留本身的含义。

例8 (语法填空) The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal.

解析 when。根据句意“对于一个足球运动员来说,最好的时刻就是当他踢进致胜球的时候”,was后接的表语从句与the best moment相呼应,表示时间,故填入连接副词when。

例9 (改错) Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday, but I have no idea what he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.

解析 根据句意“迈克拒绝了耶鲁大学的入学邀请,但是我不知道他为什么拒绝,那是他最喜欢的学校之一。”ideas后的同位语从句有句意,且表示原因,故需将idea后的what改为why。

此外,还需注意what、why与because引导表语从句时的区别。一般情况下,当主语是reason(原因)时,后接表语从句的引导词只能用that;why引导表语从句时,强调的是结果;because引导的表语从句,强调的是原因。试比较:

The reason why she hasnt come is that she hasnt received the invitation. 她没来的原因是她没有受到邀请。

He was ill. That is why he didnt come yesterday. 他病了,那就是他昨天没来的原因。

He didnt come yesterday. That is because he was ill. 他昨天没来,那是因为他病了。

例10 (改错) From space, the earth looks blue. This is why about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.

解析 根据句意“从太空看,地球是蓝色的,这是因为地球表面71%都被水覆盖了。”This is后接的表语从句强调的是原因,不是结果,故需将why改为because。

例11 (语法填空) What she couldnt understand was fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.

解析 why。从句子结构看,句中was后接的表语从句,句意完整,主语谓语和宾语齐全,再结合其前的what引导的主语从句及句意,可知表语从句强调结果,故填入连接副词why。

[二 语序之惑]

在名词性从句中,连接词要置于从句之首,从句必须用陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。当连接词含有疑问意义时,不要受习惯影响错误地使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的主语和谓语。如:

As soon as he comes back, I will tell him when will you come and see him.

这是由when引导的宾语从句。从句应用陈述句语序,故需将will you改为you will。

再如:I really dont know when was it that you returned the pen to me.

此句中动词know后是含有强调句“it is+被强调部分+that”结构的宾语从句,从句必须用陈述句语序,并且引导词要置于句首,故将was it改为it was。

[三 时态之惑]

根据动词时态一致性原则,宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约。主句与从句的动词时态的基点应保持一致,或都以现在为基点,或都以过去为基点。

若主句的谓语用一般现在时或将来时态,从句的谓语须根据需要选用任何时态;若主句的谓语动词是过去时态,则从句的谓语动词需要用过去相应的某种时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时);若从句的内容为客观事实、格言、谚语、常识等时,从句的谓语动词时态不受动词时态一致性原则的限制,即仍然使用一般现在时;若从句的内容为历史事实时,仍然使用一般过去时。

例12 (改错) We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody has broken into the office during the night.

解析 句意为“我们在早晨到达工作地点时发现已经有人在前一天晚上闯进了办公室。”闯进办公室的时间发生在发现之前,是过去的过去,故宾语从句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,所以将has改为had。

例13 (改错) Our teacher said that January was the first month of the year.

解析 在名词性从句中,如果宾语从句所陈述的是常识,其时态常用一般现在时。根据句意“一月是一年中的第一个月份”,这是常识,故将宾语从句中的谓语动词was改为is。

[四 语气之惑]

名词性从句中的虚拟语气应注意三个方面:

1. 在表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”之类的动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”形式,should可省略。这样的动词有:一个“坚持(insist)”;两个“命令(order,command)”;三个“建议(suggest,advise,propose)”;四个“要求(demand,request,require,urge)”。

2. 在动词wish后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用过去式,表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望;用“had+过去分词”,表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望或已经发生的一件遗憾事情;用“should/would/might/could+动词原形”表示与将来事实相反或不可能实现的愿望。

3. 主语是suggestion, proposal, request, idea等表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”意义的词时,表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”。

4. 在主语从句中用来表示“惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此”等,谓语动词用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常用的句型有:

(1)It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.) that ...

(2)It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.) that ...

(3)It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that ...

例14 (改错) Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam is at the age of six months old.

解析 句意为“眼科医生建议孩子在六个月时就要进行第一次眼科检查”。根据句中谓语动词recommend判断出后面的宾语从句应该用“should+动词原形”,且should可以省略,所以将is改为(should)be。

例15 (改错) In this country it is required that anyone who has recently come here has to pass this kind of test.

解析 在it is required that ...句型中,that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气,其谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。在本题中,注意主语从句中嵌套了一个who引导的定语从句,从句的谓语应是句中的“has to pass this kind of test”,故应将has改为(should) have。

[五 it用作形式主语之惑]

在名词性从句中,常用用it作形式主语,这种结构常见的有以下四种:

1. “it+be+形容词+that ...”从句。如:it is necessary that ... “有必要……”,it is important that ... “重要的是……”,it is obvious that ... “很明显……”;

2. “it+be+过去分词+that ...”从句。如:it is believed that ... “人们相信……”,it is known to all that ... “众所周知……”,it has been decided that ... “已决定……”;

3. “it+be+名词+that ...”从句。如:it is common knowledge that ... “……是常识”,it is a surprise that ... “令人惊奇的是……”,it is a fact that ... “事实是……”;

4. “it+不及物动词+that ...”从句。如:it appears that ... “似乎……”,it happens that ...“碰巧……”,it occurred to me that ... “我突然想起……”。

例18 (改错) What has been announced that anyone who is caught cheating in the exam will be graded zero.

解析 本句有两种改错方法,第一种是将句首的What改为It,构成it用作形式主语的句型;另一种改法是在句中的that前加is,将that引导的从句构成表语从句。

例19 (改错) It suddenly (occur) him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.

解析 occured to。本题考查的是it的固定结构it occurred to sb. that ... ,故填入occurred to。

练习

请使用正确的连词来完成下面的短文。

worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is she puts on too much weight. She has some doubts she has eaten too much junk food. Also, with the college entrance examination drawing near, its obvious she suffers from high pressure and couldnt sleep well these days. Maybe this is also the cause she couldnt lose weight these days. Now, she could become slimmer and healthier has been her main task.

参考答案 What; that; whether; that; that; how

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