汪冬交
在英语中,it是一个非常小的词,毫不起眼。但其看似简单,实则是“麻雀虽小,五脏俱全”。它随处可见,指代范围广,词义也非常广泛。它既可作人称代词也可做非人称代词,既可以指时间和距离,也可指天气等自然现象,既可作形式主语也可以作形式宾语,还有其他的一些用法。
用法 指前文已提到的事物,避免重复。
如:I cannot find my watch, I must have lost it(指my watch).
用法 指代动植物,身份不明或性别不详的人。
如:The wife gave birth to a baby just now and it is very cute. (婴儿性别未知)
Someone burst into my house, but I have no idea who it is. (破门而入者身份不明)
用法 指上文或前文提到的情况。
如:I keep telling my students not to swim in the river for that is too dangerous, but it never makes sense. (it指前文提到的“我”告诉学生不要下河洗澡这一情况)
用法 用作无意义的主语或宾语,指时间、距离、环境、天气等自然现象,或笼统地谈论某种情况。
如:It was quiet in the classroom filled with 100 students. (环境)
It is 26℃ today with mild breeze. (天气)
Its 2 years since he left home and was never heard. (时间)
It isnt far away from his house to mine. (距离)
I cannot help it any more. (“爱莫能助”这种情况)
用法 用于某些固定用法或习语,如take it easy(放轻松), take it for granted (认为理所当然), believe it or not (信不信由你)等。
如:You can make it if you can concentrate on what you are doing. (成功;及时赶到)
If I cannot behave myself properly,I will catch it from my mother. (被责骂,受处罚)
注意:误用形式主语的几种情形
1. 在该用it的地方用其他的代词
例1 Is necessary to tell his father everything?
解析 it。此处很容易填成he,但此句要填的是形式主语it,真正主语是动词不定式to tell his father everything,it起到平衡句子,避免头重脚轻的作用。
2. 在不该用形式主语的地方误用形式主语
例2 must be something wrong with the machine.
解析 there。句意为“机器上肯定有什么(部件)坏了”,很明显考查的是there be句型和情态动词must连用的情形,此处容易填成it。
3. it,one和that的辨析。三者都可指前面提到的物,it指前面已经提到的人或事物本身,相当于于the(this/that/his ...)+名词;one指的是与前面提到的人或事物为同一类,相当于a/an+名词;that也指前面提到的事物本身,只是只能指物。
例3 (改错)The girl had a pen but she lent it to Mary, could you lend it to her ?……