结构MRI对青少年癫脑皮质厚度的研究进展

2016-03-09 10:55宾果汪天富秦璟周煜翔但果黄炳升
国际医学放射学杂志 2016年2期
关键词:颞叶皮质研究进展

宾果 汪天富 秦璟 周煜翔 但果 黄炳升

综述

宾果汪天富秦璟周煜翔但果黄炳升*

青少年癫发病率高,发作形式多样,对病人大脑皮质、认知能力的发育有较大影响。研究青少年癫大脑皮质厚度的变化对该病的早期诊断和治疗至关重要。大脑皮质厚度是癫诊断和治疗的重要生物特征指标,可为癫脑组织形态和病理特征研究提供依据。就结构MRI对青少年癫病人的大脑皮质厚度变化的检测及大脑皮质厚度与病程、临床症状和抗癫药的关系等方面的研究进展予以综述。

癫;青少年;磁共振成像;脑皮质厚度

DOI:10.19300/j.2016.Z3651

【Abstract】Juvenile epilepsy is a syndrome with high prevalence and various seizure forms,and has great impact on the development of brain cortex as well as cognitive competence.In order to improve the diagnosis and treatment at early stage,it is essential to study the change of cortical thickness in these patients.Cortical thickness can carry useful information of brain morphologic and pathological characteristics,and is a potentially important biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.This review covers the findings about the relationship between cortical thickness abnormalities and seizure duration,clinical symptoms and antiepileptic drugs of patients with juvenile epilepsy.

【Key words】Epilepsy;Juvenile;Magnetic resonance imaging;Cortical thickness

Int J Med Radiol,2016,39(2):123-126

脑皮质定义为大脑灰质,即依附在大脑左右半球表面的一层灰质结构。人类的大脑皮质是由高度卷曲、皱褶的神经元、神经胶质和神经纤维组成,平均厚度为2.5~3.0 mm。大脑皮质被认为是人脑高级神经中枢,是大脑长时间进化的结果,在人体的调节机制中发挥着重要作用。随着大脑结构的发育、成熟、老化和相关病理的改变,脑皮质厚度在相应区域也会发生变化,这就表明脑皮质厚度不仅与大脑结构自然生理变化相关联,而且能够从一定程度上反映中枢神经系统疾病所引起的大脑结构形态学变化[4-5]。目前,基于结构磁共振成像(structural MRI,sMRI)对大脑皮质的研究主要集中在脑皮质厚度的测量上,采用基于sMRI的表面形态学测量方法,测量脑皮质厚度的变化,以揭示相关疾病的演变过程、致病原因,并对其预后进行评估。

作者单位:深圳大学医学部生物医学工程学院医学超声关键技术国家地方联合工程实验室广东省医学信息检测与超声成像重点实验室,深圳518060

通讯作者:黄炳升,E-mail:huangb@szu.edu.cn

*审校者

1 sMRI用于癫?检测的优势与限度

2 青少年癫?大脑皮质厚度的sMRI研究

2.2病程与脑皮质厚度变化的关系人类大脑皮质发育模式极为复杂,新生儿较薄,儿童时期快速增长,并在13岁左右达到峰值,青少年时期逐渐下降,成年时期趋于稳定[16-18]。一些研究通过对青少年癫病人的病程和脑皮质厚度进行相关性分析发现,随着青少年癫病人年龄的增长,其脑皮质发育模式出现异常。Widjaja等[13]对青少年额叶癫进行对照研究,发现癫组的发病年龄、发病频率以及病程与脑皮质厚度之间不相关,这与其他研究的结果相反。Pardoe等[19]对不同病程的颞叶癫病人进行对照研究,并根据病人病程将癫组分为初发、病程约9年、病程约15年共3个亚组,发现癫病人的病程越长,脑皮质萎缩的程度越大,尤其在额叶、部分脑岛和顶叶区域,这种变化更明显。该研究表明病人病程越长,脑皮质厚度越薄。Bernhardt等[20]对成人颞叶癫进行研究,其结果与Pardoe对青少年癫的研究结果相似。Bernhardt通过对18例颞叶癫病人进行2.5年的跟踪随访,结果发现病程超过14年的癫病人在额叶和顶叶区域脑皮质萎缩的程度比病程短的病人严重,并且对比正常组的脑皮质发育模式有明显差异。Lin等[10]通过对30例内侧颞叶癫病人脑皮质厚度进行研究,结果发现病程越长的癫病人其脑皮质萎缩的程度越大。同样,McDonald等[21]也发现内侧颞叶癫病人的病程和脑皮质厚度之间高度相关,即病程越长,右顶叶区域的脑皮质越薄,癫持续时间越长,对大脑结构的损伤越严重。综上所述,多数研究表明癫病人脑皮质厚度与病程高度相关,即患病时间越长,脑皮质趋于进行性变薄,尤其是在顶叶、额叶、脑岛区域。这可能由于长期的癫大脑异常放电严重影响了围绕中央沟周围区域的大脑皮质结构发育,即脑皮质变薄。这就从一定程度上提示癫病人脑皮质厚度的异常变化可能是随着疾病的病程动态发展的,并将逐渐影响病灶及其周围等多个脑区,因此临床上应该重视对癫病人的早期诊断和治疗,以避免由于慢性发作而引起的更广泛区域的脑结构损伤[22]。

3 小结与展望

sMRI具有无电离辐射、无创、软组织分辨力高等特点,能够在人类活体上定量分析大脑形态学变化,应用sMRI测量脑皮质厚度在中枢神经系统疾病诊断方面具有广阔的发展前景。一方面,sMRI可为神经精神疾病手术切除病灶提供精确的术前定位,从而为早期临床诊断提供一定依据;另一方面,通过病人脑皮质厚度的异常变化所反映的癫大脑的脑结构形态学,可从疾病的发病原因、病理机制等多方面辅助临床治疗。联合应用sMRI以及多种MR技术[32-33]对癫的诊断将更加精确,其治疗水平也将大幅提高。

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(收稿2015-07-10)

An overview on the research of cortical thickness of juvenile epilepsy based on structural magnetic resonance imaging

BIN Guo,WANG Tianfu,QIN Jing,ZHOU Yuxiang,DAN Guo,HUANG Bingsheng.Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine,National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060,China

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