覆盖对王林苹果冠层环境及叶片净光合速率和果实品质的影响

陈汝　王金政　薛晓敏　王贵平　聂佩显　王来平

摘 要：以5年生王林/ SH40/八棱海棠为试材，研究白色地膜、黑色地布对树体的冠层环境及叶片净光合速率和果实品质的影响。结果表明：白色地膜明显提高树冠下层和内膛的相对光照强度，而冠层内温、湿度在各处理间差异性不明显；对提高叶片SPAD和净光合速率Pn的效果，白色地膜最好，其次为黑色地布。地膜覆盖对单果质量、可溶性固形物含量提升的效果均以白色地膜为最高，分别为256.15 g、16.93%；白色地膜覆盖处理的果实光洁指数为68.01%，比对照提高了1.01个百分点。综上所述，苹果树盘覆盖白色地膜利于提高冠层光照强度，提高光合能力和果实品质。

关键词：覆盖；冠层环境；净光合速率；果实品质

中图分类号：S661.11 文献标识号：A DOI 编码：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2016.04.003

Abstract： The 5-year-old 'Wanglin' /SH40/Malus robusta Rehd. were used to research the effects of white film and black ground cloth on the environment of leaf canopy， net photosynthetic rate and fruit quality of apple tree. The results showed that： white film significantly increased relative light intensity of the lower and the bore of crown， while the canopy temperature and humidity had no significant differences among treatment； The best to improve SPAD and the net photosynthetic rate of leaf was white film， followed by the black ground cloth. Fruit weight and soluble solids content were the highest on the white film treatment， respectively， 256.15 g， 16.93%； Fruits smooth index up to 68.01% on white film and compared to the control， treatment increased by 1.01 percent point. In summary， white film mulching on the apple tray will improve the canopy light intensity， the photosynthetic capacity and fruit quality.

Key words： mulching； environment of leaf canopy； net photosynthetic rate； fruit quality

‘王林苹果自1978年由日本福岛县引入，属大果绿色品种，由金冠与印度的杂交实生苗中选出，是日本当前重要栽培品种之一。苹果因果肉硬而脆、多汁、味甜、风味独特深受人们的喜爱，我国主要苹果产区已有少量栽培。近年来，随着苹果生产效益的增加，生草、秸秆、塑料薄膜等覆盖材料广泛用于果园地面保水覆盖技术的研究中。在果树生长季节，覆盖黑色地膜能较长时间保持土壤水分，提高水分利用效率和叶片光合能力。旱区果树覆沙后果实单果质量、可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸含量均有所提高[1]。苹果是喜光果树，光照影响果实的发育和坐果，尤其是对果实品质影响很大。苹果品种、叶片营养状况、冠层微气候、砧穗组合、栽培状况等水平显著影响苹果光合能力 [2-5]。……