中国语言观测研究的实践及思考

提 要 中国对语言生活的关注发端很早。21世纪以来，通过建机构、搭平台、聚队伍，逐步形成了对现实语言生活进行多视角、大规模、成系统、持续性实时观测研究及发布的体系，也呈现出一定的特色。不仅推动了语言观测研究实践的系统化、科学化和常态化，取得了丰硕的观测研究成果，而且注重经验总结、规律揭示和理论提升，促进了本领域的理论建设和学科建构。当然，也还有一些问题需要进一步探讨，例如语言观测研究的边界和重点，语情信息真实性、有效度的甄别，语情规律的揭示，语情预测预警机制构建，语言观测研究技术、手段和方法的改进，语言观测理论体系建设等。

关键词 语言观测；语言监测；语言生活；语情；语言舆情；语言生活派

Abstract Language situation has long been a great concern in China. Since the beginning of this century， efforts have been made to establish research agencies， create specialized platforms， and form research teams in order to investigate the issues related to the peoples ongoing language practices in China. To date， a relatively complete system has been developed to monitor， study and release Chinas language situation in an all-round， large-scale， systematic and sustainable manner. These endeavors have promoted the syste?matic， scientific and regular observation and study of the language practice， producing a great variety of research findings. On the other hand， the patterns and theories generalized in the monitoring of language situation have contributed to the theoretical construction as well as the establishment of a scientific discipline in China. Nevertheless， further exploration is required for a number of issues， such as the boundaries and focus of language monitoring， the recognition of authentic and effective language information， generalization of language situation patterns， construction of predication/alert system about language situations， improvement of language monitoring techniques， instruments and methods， construction of theoretical system for language monitoring， etc.

Key words language monitoring； language practice； language situation； Language Situation Clan

中国对语言生活的关注发端很早。先秦时期，朝廷曾专门设有“遒人”“轩使者”一职，其职责实际上就是观测语言生活，并记录整理呈奏朝廷。观测方式就是乘着轻便的车子，“以木铎徇于路”。刘歆《与扬雄书》说：“三代周秦轩车使者、遒人使者，以岁八月巡路，求代语、僮谣、歌戏。”① 应劭《风俗通义》也说：“三代遣轩使者，经绝域，采方言，令人君不出户牖而知异俗之语耳。”②《方言》是扬雄亲自调查，同时采集“轩之使奏籍之书”编纂而成的。该书“切实地显示出汉代的语言生活”（胡奇光 1987：75）。从一定意义上说，《诗经》也是采自当时语言生活的集成之作。如《汉书·艺文志》所言：“古有采诗之官，王者所以观风俗，知得失，自考正也。”遗憾的是，这些作为一项政治、文化制度，并没有延续下来。……