雷元歌
“with/ without的复合结构”是英语复合结构中最常见的一种,在文学作品和中学英语教材中这个结构也屡见不鲜。因此,了解、掌握它的用法,探讨结构内在的联系,对英语学习者准确理解教材,提高写作和阅读能力大有裨益。
1. 基本构成及特点
with/without+复合宾语结构,复合宾语的第一部分作介词with/without的宾语,由名词或代词构成,第二部分是宾语补足语,由名词、形容词、副词、介词以及非谓语动词构成。该结构有以下三个特点:(1)逻辑主语(with/without 之后的名词或代词)与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;(2)名词或代词与后面的名词、形容词、副词、介词以及非谓语动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系;(3)常用逗号与主句分开,对主句的内容进行补充或者描述。
2. 基本形式
(1) with/without + 名词(代词)+ 名词。With Mr. Smith our group leader,we arrived at the destination as planned.
(2) with/without + 名词(代词)+ 形容词。Lenin fell asleep with the door open.
(3) with/without + 名词(代词)+ 副词。The naughty boy stood before his father,with his head down.
(4) with/without + 名词(代词)+ 介词短语。With the children at home, the parents cant take our holiday when they want to.
(5) with/without + 名词(代词)+ V-ing。With prices going up so rapidly, people cant afford the luxuries.
(6) with/without + 名词(代词)+ V-ed。She sat in her room for a few seconds with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
(7) with/without + 名词(代词)+ to do。With no man to talk to, the poor old John felt miserable.
3. 基本用法
此结构经常出现在描绘性的文字中,主要说明、补充谓语动词发生的时间、方式、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
(1) 作时间状语。With winter coming on (=When winter comes), it is getting colder and colder.
(2) 方式状语。The professor sat in the front building, her mouth half open (= and her mouth was half open).
(3) 原因状语。With a lot of work to do (=Because a lot of work is to be done), we werent allowed to go out.
(4) 伴随状语。The captain was lying on the floor, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).
(5) 补充、说明。The workers redoubled their efforts, each man working like two.
4. 几点说明
(1) “介词with/without的复合结构”,也可以去掉介词with,此结构也可以叫做独立主格结构。即当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,即可用此结构,但不能再使用连词。例如:When the lecture came to an end, the audience left the hall.= With the lecture coming to an end, the audience left the hall. = The lecture coming to an end, the audience left the hall.
(2) 在下面情况下,结构中的being/ having done不能省略。
1) 结构中的逻辑主语为代词时:It being Valentines Day, all the flowers in the store were sold out.
2) “There being + 名词”时: There being a public bus service is a great convenience to people. Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the class.
3)在去掉with/without 的“名词(代词)+ 介词短语”结构中,介词短语中一般不用冠词和形容词性物主代词。……