一种打压膨胀式井下环空防喷器的设计研究

宋宝河

摘 要：随着世界经济的快速发展，社会对石油等能源需求急剧上升，因此，对石油的开采量逐年增加，随着钻井数量的增加，在钻井过程中井喷事故时有发生，成为了钻井过程中的重大安全隐患。防喷器是防止井喷的重要工具，但是井口防喷器须依靠操作人员的经验和责任心才能防止井喷事故发生，具有很大的不稳定因素，为了能从源头附近阻止井喷的发生，井下防喷器应运而生，井下防喷器是一种应用在井下，安装在钻杆之间，防止钻井过程中发生井喷的井控工具。针对钻井工艺的复杂性及井型、井段的适应性，设计了一种打压膨胀式式井下环空防喷器，对设计结构、控制方式、工作原理进行了介绍。该打压膨胀式井下环空防喷器结构简单、可靠性高、反应迅速、操作简易、适用于多种井型且可在全井段使用，应用前景广阔。

关键词：井喷；防喷器；打压膨胀式井下防喷器；泥浆压力脉冲通讯

Abstract： With the rapid development of the world economy， there is a sharp increase in demand for oil and other energy. Therefore， the oil exploration increases year by year. While the number of drilling increases， blowout accidents often happen in the process of drilling， which has become a major security risk in it. Bop is an important tool to prevent blowout， but it is very instable， because the avoidance of blowout accidents needs not only use of bop， but also experience and sense of responsibility of staff. Downhole blowout preventer emerges at a historic moment in order to avoid blowout accidents. It is a kind of well control tool which is applied downhole and installed between the drill pipe to prevent the blowout in the process of drilling. Designing a pressure-driven downhole annular blowout preventer aiming at the complexity of drilling process and the adaptability of well type， and has introduced the design structure， control method and working principle of it. This kind of pressure-driven downhole annular blowout preventer has simple structure， high reliability， fast reaction and simple operation. Its suitable for a variety of well type and can be used in the whole interval and has broad prospects in application.

Key words： Blowout； Blowout preventer； Downhole blowout preventer type of pressure； Mud pressure pulse communication

0 引言

石油天然气是保障国民经济持续发展、社会生活稳定和国家安全的重要战略能源和战略资源。随着我国国民经济的高速发展，对石油天然气的需求逐年增加，钻井的数量也随之增加，对钻井的安全也愈加重视，甚至采取一系列以牺牲钻井效率来保证钻井的安全的措施，但是依然不能避免井喷失控事故的发生。例如，2003年12月23日22时左右，东北气矿罗家16H井发生天然气井喷，大量硫化氢气体喷涌而出，沿着高桥镇、正坝镇、麻柳乡的峡谷地带迅速蔓延，27日上午11时，川东北气矿16H井喷成功实施压井封堵。……