曾旭晖 郑莉
摘要:本研究分析了教育是如何影响农村劳动力在纯务农、兼业和纯务工之间的就业选择,以及该选择随年龄增长和世代更替的演变趋势。研究发现,教育在总体上促进了非农就业,但在不同世代的生命历程中有着不尽相同的作用机制。在较早出生的世代中,教育对兼业和纯务工的促进作用是一致的。但在晚近出生的世代中,更高的教育水平对纯务工就业有着非常显著的影响,而对兼业选择影响甚微。在老一代农民中,教育对兼业和纯务工的促进作用随年龄增长而有所减弱;而在新一代农民中,教育对纯务工的促进作用随着年龄增长而迅速加强,呈现教育的积累性优势。此外,老一代农民的生命历程中有一个从务工到务农的回归;新一代农民向非农行业转移则呈现不可逆的趋势,教育对此起到了促进作用。
关键词:农村劳动力转移;教育;世代效应;多层多项Logit模型
中图分类号:F3046文献标识码:A文章编号:1000-4149(2016)05-0035-12
DOI:103969/jissn1000-4149201605004
Abstract:This study analyzes the effects of education on rural labor transition from farming to parttime or fulltime nonfarming work, by applying multilevel multinomial logit model based on a longitudinal data.
We also take into the life course and cohort replacement account.
The results show that education improves transition to nonfarming work overall but the effects vary in the life course of different birth cohort. For the earlier cohorts, education has the same effects on nonfarming transition; for the later cohorts, education has much stronger effects on fulltime nonfarming transition when they grow older, but has little effects on parttime nonfarming transition. In the long run, for the earlier cohorts, the effects of education on nonfarming transition weaken a little bit; for the later cohorts, the effects of education on fulltime nonfarming transition get stronger and then show an accumulative advantage. In addition, we find a regression from nonfarming to farming in the life course of earlier cohorts. For the later cohorts, the transition to nonfarming work looks like an irreversible trend, facilitated by education significantly.
Keywords:rural labor transition; education; cohort effect; multilevel multinominal logit model
一、引言
从20世纪90年代初的民工潮开始,从土地上释放出来的我国农村劳动力源源不断地进城务工,构成了人类历史上最大规模的劳动力迁移。根据2010年人口普查数据,农村16岁及以上劳动年龄人口数为512亿,
其中有22亿人在外务工,占全国农村劳动力总量的426%,另根据全国农民工监测报告,截至2014年,农民工总量已达到27亿,其中住户中外出农民工132亿,本地农民工106亿,举家外出农民工3578万。随着我国城镇化和农业现代化的推进,农村劳动力向非农行业转移将会持续下去。……