潘小莲
在阅读理解中,同学们经常会遇到一些没有学过或没有见过的词,如果在平时,同学们尚可使用字典查阅,如果在考场上,就需要同学们在很短的时间内根据上下文推测出来。这种推断词义的能力,是同学们必须具备的能力。推断词义需要一定的技巧,如果同学们掌握一定的方法就不难。
[利用定义或解释推测词义]
在文章中,对于一些生僻难懂的术语,作者往往会进行定义或解释,这样既能使他的写作清楚明了,也给读者提供了极大的方便。从解释定义中我们即使得不出此术语的准确定义,也会有一个轮廓上的大致了解,使我们能较准确的把握作者所要传达的思想。对于文章中出现的生词,为不给读者造成理解上的困难,作者一方面可以通过标点符号,如过破折号,逗号等将生词和对其解释的语句进行分割,有时可以通过解释性的插入语或提示语,如that is,in other words,that is to say,which means等对句中的生词进行解释。当然对于专业术语除给定义解释外,作者有时还附以读者熟悉的例子进行说明,这样既形象生动,又简单明了。
例1 Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. Peoples food supplies were similarly vulnera-le. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.
The underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 means .
A. impossible to make sure of
B. likely to be protected
C. easy to damage
D. difficult to find
解析 C。文章中的Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. 这一具体的事例可知,人类是“脆弱的,易受攻击的”,此外vulnerable又通过副词similarly和第一句Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats所陈述的事例又进行了呼应。故答案为C。
[利用同义或反义关系推测词义]
英语与中文一样,是一种忌讳重复的语言,也就是说,在行文时,作者通常要采用不同表达形式,即采用另外的词或短语来表达相同的一件事情,这样在段落中就会有一些结构,尤其是生词所对应的同义或反义的表达,为我们猜测其词义提供了有效的线索。……