多不饱和脂肪酸代谢及其对炎症的调节

2017-01-18 00:39
动物营养学报 2017年1期
关键词:烯酸抗炎中性

弓 剑 晓 敏

(内蒙古师范大学生命科学与技术学院,呼和浩特010022)



多不饱和脂肪酸代谢及其对炎症的调节

弓 剑 晓 敏

(内蒙古师范大学生命科学与技术学院,呼和浩特010022)

炎症是一种机体对感染或组织损伤的保护性反应。适度的或可控的炎症对于入侵病原微生物的清除以及受损组织的修复是必需的,然而过度的或不可控的炎症往往会导致病理性炎症反应发生,大大提高了各种感染性和代谢性疾病的发病风险。多不饱脂肪酸代谢生成的脂质调控介质对炎症的启动、发展以及消退均具有重要的调节作用,了解多不和脂肪酸的代谢及其代谢产物对炎症反应的调节机制,对于通过饲粮营养途径控制疾病发生以及改善人和动物健康具有重要的理论和现实意义。鉴此,本文综述了多不饱和脂肪酸的代谢途径,并就其代谢产物对炎症反应的调节进行了详细论述。

多不饱和脂肪酸;代谢;脂质调控介质;炎症

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)是一类含有2个或2个以上双键的多聚不饱和脂肪酸。依据第1个双键在碳链上位置的不同,PUFA分为n-6(ω-6)和n-3(ω-3)2类,n-6 PUFA表示第1个双键位于从甲基端开始第6~7个碳位之间,而n-3 PUFA表示第1个双键位于从甲基端开始第3~4个碳位之间。由此,1个含18个碳、2个双键、第1个双键位于从甲基端开始第6~7个碳位之间的脂肪酸可表示为C18∶2n-6。大量研究证据表明,饲粮中PUFA的组成及含量会影响细胞膜磷脂中PUFA的组成和含量,而细胞膜磷脂中PUFA组成和含量的改变会影响细胞膜的流动性以及膜受体的功能进而影响炎症反应[1-2]。此外,PUFA在一定条件下可从细胞膜磷脂池中释放出来并转变为游离状态,游离状态的PUFA可代谢生成上百种脂质调节物质,这些物质对炎症的启动、发展以及消退具有重要的调节作用[3]。绝大多数由n-6 PUFA代谢产生的脂质调控介质具有触发炎症反应的作用,如果不能及时控制,往往会导致病理性炎症反应的发生,而由n-3 PUFA代谢产生的脂质调节物质具有抗炎作用或相比n-6 PUFA代谢产物有较低的促炎作用[4-5],而且n-3 PUFA与n-6 PUFA利用共同的酶系进行代谢,因而可竞争性地抑制n-6 PUFA的代谢,进而降低促炎脂质调节物质的产生;此外,n-3 PUFA还会代谢生成一些具有炎症消退功能的脂质调节物质[6]。尽管PUFA代谢生成的脂质调控介质对炎症的启动、发展以及消退均具有重要的调节作用,但调节的机理尚不清楚,而且不同的代谢产物对炎症的调节作用不尽相同,甚至相同的代谢产物在炎症发展的不同阶段对炎症的调节也不尽相同。本文就PUFA代谢以及代谢产物对炎症反应可能的调节机理进行综述,以期为通过饲粮营养途径控制疾病发生以及改善人和动物健康提供理论依据。

1 n-6 PUFA代谢及其产物对炎症反应的调节

1.1 花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)和亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)代谢

ARA是n-6 PUFA的典型代表,属于二十碳四烯酸(C20∶4n-6)。从细胞膜磷脂池中释放出来的游离ARA主要通过酶和非酶2条途径氧化代谢并生成具有生物活性的脂质代谢产物[7]。如图1所示,ARA在环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)的催化下生成2系列的前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)和血栓素(thromboxane,TX)A2;在脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)的催化下生成4系列的白三烯(leukotriene,LT)、过氧羟基二十碳四烯酸(hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid,HPETE)、羟基二十碳四烯酸(hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,HETE)和氧代二十碳四烯酸(oxoeicosatetraenoic acid,oxo-ETE),其中,15-HETE也可转变为脂氧素(lipoxin,LX)[8];此外,活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)可直接氧化ARA生成9-HPETE和11-HPETE,二者进一步代谢生成9-HETE和11-HETE[9]。

LA也属于n-6 PUFA,是ARA合成的前体,除了合成ARA外,也可通过COX和LOX途径代谢(图1),生成的产物主要为过氧羟基十八碳二烯酸(hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid,HPODE)、羟基十八碳二烯酸(hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid,HODE)和氧代十八碳二烯酸(oxooctadecadienoic acid,oxo-ODE)。

ARA:花生四烯酸arachidonic acid;LOX:脂氧合酶lipoxygenase;COX:环氧合酶cyclooxygenase;ROS:活性氧reactive oxygen species;HPETE:过氧羟基二十碳四烯酸hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid;HETE:羟基二十碳四烯酸hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid;PG:前列腺素prostaglandin;LT:白三烯leukotriene;oxo-ETE:氧代二十碳四烯酸oxoeicosatetraenoic acid;LX:脂氧素lipoxin;TX:血栓素thromboxane;LA:亚油酸linoleic acid;HPODE:过氧羟基十八碳二烯酸hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid;HODE:羟基十八碳二烯酸hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid;oxo-ODE:氧代十八碳二烯酸oxooctadecadienoic acid。

图1 ARA和LA代谢途径

Fig.1 The metabolic pathways of ARA and LA[8-9]

1.2 ARA和LA代谢产物对炎症反应的调节

COX有2个同分异构体,分别为COX-1和COX-2,在绝大多数组织中,COX-1基因通常持续表达并代谢ARA生成生理水平的PG,主要为PGI2,起着维持正常生理功能和血管功能的作用;正常生理条件下,COX-2基因不表达,但当组织或细胞受到病原微生物、炎症因子或ROS的刺激时,COX-2基因的表达量明显提高。ARA由COX-2途径代谢生成的脂质调节物质主要为PGE2、PGF2α和TXB2,奶牛患乳房炎时,牛奶中这些物质的含量明显提高[10-12]。PGE2、PGF2α和TXB2具有强有力的促炎作用,研究较多的是PGE2,其促炎作用表现为诱导发热、提高血管壁通透性、增强血管舒张、引起疼痛反应[6]、提高白介素(interleukin,IL)-6的生成以及诱导COX-2活化,进而增强其本身的生成[13]。一些研究表明,PGE2可通过增强15-LOX的活性,进而提高具有抗炎作用的LXA4的生成[14]。近年来的研究发现,COX-2基因表达量的提高不仅表现在炎症发起阶段,在炎症消退阶段其活性也明显提高,但催化ARA生成的脂质调节物质不是PGE2、PGF2α和TXB2,而是PGD2以及其下游终产物PGJ2[15]。PGD2和PGJ2可抑制白细胞向内皮细胞的黏附以及核因子-κB(NF-κB)的活化,进而抑制促炎细胞因子的生成[16]。

依据对脂肪酸氧化位点的不同,LOX可分为5-LOX、12-LOX和15-LOX 3种,ARA经5-LOX途径代谢生成的终产物主要为4系列的LT,具有促炎作用。例如,研究较多的LTB4,其促炎作用表现为提高血管壁通透性、提高局部血流速度、提高白细胞趋化性迁移、诱导溶酶体酶释放、增强吞噬细胞ROS生成、抑制淋巴细胞增殖以及激活自然杀伤细胞[5]。LTB4对促炎细胞因子的生成也具有调节作用,可增强肿瘤坏死因子(tumour necrosis factor,TNF)-α、IL-1、IL-6和干扰素(interferon,IFN)-γ的产生[6]。ARA经15-LOX途径代谢生成的终产物主要为LXA4,LXA4具有很强的抗炎作用,可抑制粒细胞的趋化和跨膜迁移,降低血管内皮细胞促炎细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8)[17]、L-选择蛋白和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的生成[18]。奶牛患乳房炎时,血浆[11]和乳腺组织[10]中LXA4的含量显著降低。近年来的研究发现,ARA经LOX途径的代谢终产物oxo-ETE和LA的代谢终产物oxo-ODE具有抗炎作用。人结肠内皮细胞的研究表明,13-oxo-ODE可激活抗炎核受体过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ,进而降低促炎细胞因子IL-8的生成[19]。然而,终产物oxo-ETE和oxo-ODE的上游中间代谢产物HPETE和HPODE具有促炎作用。例如,13-HPODE可激活血管平滑肌细胞促炎转录因子NF-κB[20],15-HPETE可增强促炎因子ICAM-1和血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)基因的表达[21]。HPETE和HPODE极不稳定,进一步代谢生成较为稳定的HETE和HODE。在氧化应激和炎症(人动脉粥样硬化)情况下,LOX的活性明显增强,HETE和HODE在组织或细胞中含量明显提高[22-23];而且,对奶牛的研究发现,患乳房炎时,奶牛血浆和乳中HETE/oxo-ETE以及HODE/oxo-ODE的值显著提高[11]。此外,在氧化应激条件下,一些ROS可直接氧化ARA和LA生成HPETE和HPODE,进而增强促炎反应。

2 n-3 PUFA代谢及其产物对炎症反应的调节

2.1 二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)代谢

EPA和DHA属于n-3 PUFA,其生物合成的前体为α-LA,在鱼油中的含量非常丰富。如图2所示,与ARA的代谢相似,EPA也可代谢生成PG和LT,有所不同的是,EPA经COX-2途径生成3系列的PG,经5-LOX途径生成5系列的LT[6]。阿司匹林(aspirin)是一种抗菌消炎药,可使COX-2乙酰化,乙酰化的COX-2仍具有活性,但环氧化性减弱,脂氧化性增强,因而可催化EPA生成E系列的消退素(resolvin E,RvE),包括RvE1和RvE2[24]。同样,乙酰化的COX-2也可催化DHA生成D系列的消退素(resolvin D,RvD),包括RvD1、RvD2、RvD3、RvD4、RvD5和RvD6[25]。此外,15-LOX可直接催化DHA生成RvD和保护素D(protectin D,PD)[25]。随后的研究发现,巨噬细胞中的DHA在12-LOX的催化下可生成一种叫maresin(MaR)的脂质调节物质[26]。

2.2 EPA和DHA代谢产物对炎症反应的调节

从促炎角度讲,代谢生成的3系列的PG和5系列的LT与ARA代谢生成的2系列的PG和4系列的LT相比具有较低的促炎作用。例如,作为化学趋化剂,LTB4对中性粒细胞的趋化作用较LTB5高出10~100倍[27]。与PGE2相比,PGE3对COX-2基因表达以及IL-6生成的诱导作用明显降低[13]。

从抗炎角度讲,n-3 PUFA代谢生成的多数产物具有抗炎和炎症消退的双重作用。炎症的消退不是被动的炎症反应的终止,而是一个复杂的主动程序化过程。炎症消退大概包括3个环节:抑制或终止粒细胞的活化、趋化和迁移,抑制或降低趋化因子和促炎细胞因子的生成,促进粒细胞的凋亡和凋亡后清除。研究表明,RvE1通过抑制中性粒细胞活化,阻止中性粒细胞跨内皮迁移,诱发中性粒细胞凋亡,促进炎症部位巨噬细胞对中性粒细胞的非炎性清除[28]以及降低细胞因子IL-12的生成[29]等途径促进炎症消退。同样,RvE2可阻止中性粒细胞的趋化和跨膜迁移[30];RvD1可改善作为屏障的上皮和内皮细胞膜的完整性,阻止中性粒细胞的迁移[31],抑制TNF-α和IL-8的生成[32];RvD2可抑制TNF-α和IL-1的生成[33]。人的血细胞和神经胶质细胞、小鼠的脑细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、T细胞和视网膜色素细胞均可产生PD1,在炎症消退的各个环节,PD1均起着重要的调节作用[34]。研究表明,PD1可限制中性粒细胞浸润,抑制化学趋化剂和促炎细胞因子的生成,促进巨噬细胞对凋亡中性粒细胞的吞噬[28]。MaR1是近年来发现的具有抗炎和促进炎症消退的DHA代谢产物,主要在巨噬细胞中产生。巨噬细胞有2种表型(M1和M2型),在炎症启动和发展阶段,巨噬细胞主要以M1型存在,起着调节促炎细胞因子生成和吞噬病原体的功能,而在炎症消退阶段,巨噬细胞主要以M2型存在,起着促进炎症消退、伤口愈合和组织再生的作用[35]。研究表明,当巨噬细胞为M2型时,MaR1的含量明显提高[36]。MaR1干预治疗可显著限制小鼠支气管炎症中性粒细胞的浸润和促炎介质TNF-α、IL-6和ICAM-1的生成[37]。在脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤中,MaR1可抑制中性粒细胞的浸润和黏附,降低白细胞在肺部的聚集,下调TNF-α、IL-1α和IL-6的生成[38]。对小鼠结肠炎的研究表明,MaR1还可抑制NF-κB的活化[39]。另外,一些研究发现,MaR1可诱导巨噬细胞由经典活化型转变为炎症消退型,而且其含量的增加与转化为炎症消退型巨噬细胞的数量呈正相关[40]。上述研究表明,MaR1可通过限制中性粒细胞浸润、增强巨噬细胞对凋亡中性粒细胞的吞噬、下调促炎细胞因子生成和抑制NF-κB活化等途径使炎症消退。

EPA:二十碳五烯酸eicosapentaenoic acid;DHA:二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid;COX:环氧合酶cyclooxygenase;LOX:脂氧合酶lipoxygenase;aspirin:阿司匹林;PG:前列腺素prostaglandin;HPETE:过氧羟基二十碳四烯酸hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid;RvE:E系列消退素 E-series resolvin;HPDHA:过氧羟基二十二碳六烯酸hydroperoxydocosahexaenoic acid;RvD:D系列消退素 D-series resolvin;PD1:保护素D1 protectin D1;NPD1:神经保护素D1 neuroprotectin D1;MaR:maresin;Aspirin-triggered D-series Resolvins:阿司匹林诱导型D系列消退素;D-series Resolvins:D系列消退素。

图2 EPA和DHA代谢途径

Fig.2 The metabolic pathways of EPA and DHA[6,24-26]

3 小 结

综上所述,n-6 PUFA代谢产物主要起着诱导炎症启动和发展的作用,而n-3 PUFA代谢产物起着抗炎和促进炎症消退的功能。临床上,许多疾病,如动脉粥样硬化、肥胖症、奶牛产后乳房炎和子宫炎等的发生均与PUFA代谢紊乱进而导致不可控的慢性炎症有关。生产实践中,如何有效控制炎症的发生和发展进而降低与其相关的疾病发生,提高饲粮n-3 PUFA的比例,降低n-6 PUFA的摄入可能是最直接有效的方法;也可在饲粮中添加一些微量元素和维生素(如硒、维生素A和维生素E)以调节PUFA代谢,进而降低促炎脂质调控介质的生成;此外,甚至可以将具有抗炎和炎症消退功能的n-3 PUFA代谢产物作为外源性药物直接干预炎症的发生和发展。

[1] SIMONS K,TOOMRE D.Lipid rafts and signal transduction[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2000,1(1):31-39.

[2] STILLWELL W,WASSALL S R.Docosahexaenoic acid:membrane properties of a unique fatty acid[J].Chemistry and Physics of Lipids,2003,126(1):1-27.

[3] DUMLAO D S,BUCZYNSKI M W,NORRIS P C,et al.High-throughput lipidomic analysis of fatty acid derived eicosanoids and N-acylethanolamines[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids,2011,1811(11):724-736.

[4] POULSEN R C,GOTLINGER K H,SERHAN C N,et al.Identification of inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators in bone marrow and their lipidomic profiles with ovariectomy and omega-3 intake[J].American Journal of Hematology,2008,83(6):437-445.

[5] CALDER P C.Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation[J].Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids,2006,75(3):197-202.

[6] CALDER P C.n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,inflammation,and inflammatory diseases[J].World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics,2006,83(6):S1505-1519S.

[7] KUHN H,BANTHIYA S,VAN LEYEN K.Mammalian lipoxygenases and their biological relevance[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids,2015,1851(4):308-330.

[8] ASTUDILLO A M,BALGOMA D,BALBOA M A,et al.Dynamics of arachidonic acid mobilization by inflammatory cells[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids,2012,1821(2):249-256.

[9] MILNE G L,YIN H Y,HARDY K D,et al.Isoprostane generation and function[J].Chemical Reviews,2011,111(10):5973-5996.

[10] BOUTET P,BUREAU F,DEGAND G,et al.Imbalance between lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4 in chronic mastitis-affected cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(11):3430-3439.

[11] MAVANGIRA V,GANDY J C,ZHANG C,et al.Polyunsaturated fatty acids influence differential biosynthesis of oxylipids and other lipid mediators during bovine coliform mastitis[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(9):6202-6215.

[12] RYMAN V E,PIGHETTI G M,LIPPOLIS J D,et al.Quantification of bovine oxylipids during intramammaryStreptococcusuberisinfection[J].Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators,2015,121:207-217.

[13] BAGGA D,WANG L,FARIAS-EISNER R,et al.Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids onCOX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2003,100(4):1751-1756.

[14] SERHAN C N,CHIANG N.Endogenous pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators:a new pharmacologic genus[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2008,153(Suppl.1):S200-S215.

[15] SORDILLO L M.Nutritional strategies to optimize dairy cattle immunity[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(6): 4967-4982.

[16] PATTANAIK U,PRASAD K.Oxygen free radicals and endotoxic shock:effect of flaxseed[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,1998,3(4):305-318.

[17] SERHAN C N.Systems approach to inflammation resolution:Identification of novel anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators[J].Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis,2009,7:44-48.

[18] CHINTHAMANI S,ODUSANWO O,MONDAL N,et al.Lipoxin A4 inhibits immune cell binding to salivary epithelium and vascular endothelium[J].American Journal of Physiology:Cell Physiology,2012,302(7):C968-C978.

[19] ALTMANN R,HAUSMANN M,SPÖTTL T,et al.13-Oxo-ODE is an endogenous ligand for PPARγ in human colonic epithelial cells[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,2007,74(4):612-622.

[20] NATARAJAN R,REDDY M A,MALIK K U,et al.Signaling mechanisms of nuclear factor-κB-mediated activation of inflammatory genes by 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells[J].Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis,and Vascular Biology,2001,21(9):1408-1413.

[21] BONOMINI F,TENGATTINI S,FABIANO A,et al.Atherosclerosis and oxidative stress[J].Histology and Histopathology,2008,23(3):381-390.

[22] RAMSDEN C E,RINGEL A,FELDSTEIN A E,et al.Lowering dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in humans[J].Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids,2012,87(4/5):135-141.

[23] QUEHENBERGER O,ARMANDO A M,BROWN A H,et al.Lipidomics reveals a remarkable diversity of lipids in human plasma[J].The Journal of Lipid Research,2010,51(11):3299-3305.

[24] SERHAN C N,CLISH C B,BRANNON J,et al.Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antiinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing[J].The Journal of Experimental Medicine,2000,192(8):1197-1204.

[25] SERHAN C N,HONG S,GRONERT K,et al.A family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals[J].The Journal of Experimental Medicine,2002,196(8):1025-1037.

[26] SERHAN C N,YANG R,MARTINOD K,et al.Maresins:novel macrophage mediators with potent antiinflammatory and proresolving actions[J].The Journal of Experimental Medicine,2009,206(1):15-23.

[27] LEE T H,MENCIA-HUERTA J M,SHIH C,et al.Effects of exogenous arachidonic,eicosapentaenoic,and docosahexaenoic acids on the generation of 5-lipoxygenase pathway products by ionophore-activated human neutrophils[J].Journal of Clinical Investigation,1984,74(6):1922-1933.

[28] SCHWAB J M,CHIANG N,ARITA M,et al.Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes[J].Nature,2007,447(7146):869-874.

[29] HASTURK H,KANTARCI A,GOGUET-SURMENIAN E,et al.Resolvin E1 regulates inflammation at the cellular and tissue level and restores tissue homeostasisinvivo[J].The Journal of Immunology,2007,179(10):7021-7029.

[30] TJONAHEN E,OH S F,SIEGELMAN J,et al.Resolvin E2:identification and anti-inflammatory actions:pivotal role of human 5-lipoxygenase in resolvin E series biosynthesis[J].Chemistry & Biology,2006,13(11):1193-1202.

[31] EICKMEIER O,SEKI H,HAWORTH O,et al.Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces mucosal inflammation and promotes resolution in a murine model of acute lung injury[J].Mucosal Immunology,2013,6(2):256-266.

[32] DONG J J,LIAO Z L,WANG T,et al.Resolvin-D1 inhibits interleukin-8 and hydrogen peroxide production induced by cigarette smoke extract in 16HBE cells via attenuating NF-κB activation[J].Chinese Medical Journal,2014,127(3):511-517.

[33] BOHR S,PATEL S J,SARIN D,et al.Resolvin D2 prevents secondary thrombosis and necrosis in a mouse burn wound model[J].Wound Repair and Regeneration,2013,21(1):35-43.

[34] DEMARQUOY J,BORGNE F L.Biosynthesis, metabolism and function of protectins and resolvins[J].Clinical Lipidology,2014,9(6):683-693.

[35] ARIEL A,SERHAN C N.New lives given by cell death:macrophage differentiation following their encounter with apoptotic leukocytes during the resolution of inflammation[J].Frontiers in Immunology,2012,3:4.

[36] DALLI J,SERHAN C N.Specific lipid mediator signatures of human phagocytes:microparticles stimulate macrophage efferocytosis and pro-resolving mediators[J].Blood,2012,120(15):e60-e72.

[37] NORDGREN T M,BAUER C D,HEIRES A J,et al.Maresin-1 reduces airway inflammation associated with acute and repetitive exposures to organic dust[J].Translational Research,2015,166(1):57-69.

[38] GONG J,WU Z Y,QI H,et al.Maresin 1 mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2014,171(14):3539-3550.

[39] DALLI J,ZHU M,VLASENKO N A,et al.The novel 13S,14S-epoxy-maresin is converted by human macrophages to maresin 1 (MaR1),inhibits leukotriene A4hydrolase (LTA4H),and shifts macrophage phenotype[J].The FASEB Journal,2013,27(7):2573-2583.

[40] MARCON R,BENTO A F,DUTRA R C,et al.Maresin 1,a proresolving lipid mediator derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,exerts protective actions in murine models of colitis[J].The Journal of Immunology,2013,191(8):4288-4298.

Author, GONG Jian, associate professor, E-mail: gongjian3021@sina.com

(责任编辑 菅景颖)

The Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Its Regulation to Inflammation

GONG Jian XIAO Min

(CollegeofLifeScienceandTechnology,InnerMongoliaNormalUniversity,Huhhot010022,China)

Inflammation is part of protective response to infection or tissue injury. Appropriate or controlled inflammation is necessary to eliminate invading pathogens and repair damaged tissue. However, excessive or uncontrolled inflammation contributes to a range of pathological inflammatory responses, which may result in the increased incidence of both metabolic and infectious diseases. Lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids have important roles in regulating the initiation, development and resolving of inflammatory responses. A better understanding of the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and its regulation to inflammation will facilitate the development of dietary nutritional strategies to control the incidence of diseases and improve human and animal health. Therefore, the metabolic pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the regulatory mechanism of its metabolic products to inflammation were reviewed in this paper.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition, 2017, 29(1):1-7]

polyunsaturated fatty acids; metabolism; lipid mediators; inflammation

10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.01.001

2016-07-14

国家自然科学基金项目(31560644);内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2015MS0367);引进高层次人才科研启动经费项目(2015YJRC005)

弓 剑(1975—),男,内蒙古凉城人,副教授,博士,主要从事反刍动物微量元素营养与饲料资源开发利用研究。E-mail: gongjian3021@sina.com

Q547;Q493.5

A

1006-267X(2017)01-0001-07

猜你喜欢
烯酸抗炎中性
秦艽不同配伍的抗炎镇痛作用分析
英文的中性TA
高度不饱和脂肪酸对水生动物生长、发育和繁殖的影响与机理
牛耳枫提取物的抗炎作用
短柱八角化学成分及其抗炎活性的研究
高桥爱中性风格小配饰让自然相连
FREAKISH WATCH极简中性腕表设计
模拟移动床色谱分离纯化花生四烯酸甲酯
Sn-2二十二碳六烯酸甘油单酯的酶法合成
熏硫与未熏硫白芷抗炎镇痛作用的对比研究