颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的研究进展

2017-06-01 11:08宋奇郭卫春黄文俊邱波
中国医药导报 2017年10期
关键词:吞咽困难进展

宋奇++郭卫春++黄文俊++邱波

[摘要] 颈椎前路减压手术是目前骨科常用的用于治疗颈椎疾病的手术方式。一直用于治疗各种颈椎疾病,如颈椎退行性病变、颈椎创伤、颈椎肿瘤、颈椎畸形,颈椎感染性病变等。虽然其较低的并发症发生率被认为是安全有效的术式,但随着手术病例的增加,其并发症也越来越被临床医师所重视。本文回顾了颈椎前路手术术后吞咽困难这一并发症的相关研究,并加以叙述。

[关键词] 颈椎前路手术;吞咽困难;颈椎疾病;进展

[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)04(a)-0060-04

[Abstract] Anterior cervical decompression surgery is commonly used in the Department of orthopedics for the treatment of cervical diseases. It has been used for the treatment of various kinds of cervical diseases, such as cervical degenerative diseases, cervical trauma, cervical cancer, cervical deformity, cervical infectious diseases, etc.. Because of its lower incidence of complications, it was considered a safe and effective surgical procedure, however, with the increasing of surgical cases, the complications have attracted more and more attentions of clinicians. This paper reviewed the related researches about the complications of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery.

[Key words] Anterior cervical spine surgery; Dysphagia; Cervical vertebrae diseases; Review

自20世纪50年代Smith Robinson入路用于颈椎前路手术开始[1],这种手术入路已经普遍用于解决颈椎间盘退变引起的颈椎病。一般来说,这些手术能够有效的恢复颈椎的功能、缓解疼痛以及降低颈椎病所带来的主要并发症[2]。但是,颈椎前路术后也会出现各种并发症,包括吞咽困难、发音异常、硬膜破裂、食管损伤、血肿形成、椎动脉出血、术后气道受压、脊髓损伤和固定材料移位等。其中吞咽困难是最常见的并发症[3]。根据国外的相关研究显示,颈椎前路术后早期吞咽困难的发生率高达69%[4]。因此,笔者回顾近年来关于颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的文献,就颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的研究进展进行相关的综述。

1 临床表现

吞咽困难的准确定义是吞咽过程的异常。根据其严重程度不同,吞咽困难可表现为:异物感或咽喉轻度疼痛、吞咽固体食物有困难、不能吞咽液体食物或吞咽时出现误吸或咳嗽等。目前对于吞咽困难的定义和诊断缺乏统一的标准。

1.1 发病率及评估方法

根据以往文献的报道,颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的发生率不是固定的,术后一周吞咽困难的发生率在1.7%~70%[5]。Smith-Hammond等[6]進行了一项前瞻性研究,研究结果显示平均术后2 d中45%出现吞咽困难。行颈椎前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合术(ACDF)患者术后1周内吞咽困难发生率平均为33.1%,术后1、6、12、24个月发生率依次为53.2%、19.8%、16.8%、12.9%[7]。Scholz等[8]研究指出大多数患者吞咽困难在术后3个月时症状缓解,慢性吞咽困难发生率为3%~21%。Riley等[9]对454例患者回顾性随访研究,结果发现,术后3、6、24个月吞咽困难发生率分别为29.8%、6.9%和6.6%。Lee等[10]对310例行颈椎前路手术的患者进行前瞻性研究,术后1、6、24个月吞咽困难发生率分别为54%、18.6%、13.6%。

有研究[11]指出ACDF术后吞咽困难的真实发生率是不确定的。吞咽困难在颈椎前路术后发生率的不确定,是吞咽困难的定义不清晰以及评估方法存在较大差异所导致的。Edwards等[12]指出许多颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的症状并未在病历资料中记载。许多研究指出患者报告的方式被认为是一种更为可靠、可信的方法[7]。

目前常用的评分系统有Bazaz评分系统[13]、改良Bazaz吞咽困难评分[14]、世界卫生组织(WHO)吞咽困难评[15]、DDI评分(Dysphagia Disability Index)[16]颈椎术后吞咽困难自我问卷调查[9]、椎前软组织肿胀指数[17]、改良JOA评分[18]、吞咽困难数字评定量表[19]、颈椎侧位X线检查[20]等。

Bazaz评分系统(患者临床症状自我评估)是目前应用最广的一种方法[13]。Bazaz评分系统将吞咽困难分为4级:无、轻、中、重。轻表示进食固体食物时偶有困难;中表示进食某些固体食物时常有吞咽困难,而进食流食时偶有吞咽困难;重表示进食大多数固体食物常有吞咽困难,而进食流食时偶有吞咽困难。Bazaz评分应用较多,但是该评分未进行有效性和可靠性的验证。

改良Bazaz吞咽困难评分系统主要是在感觉方面更具体,如轻表示有异物感或者疼痛感,中表示对固体食物吞咽困难;而重则表示对液体食物的不能吞咽,甚至出现误吸或者呛咳。

DDI評分从生理、功能,情感3个方面对患者的心理负担、进食时间、食欲、发生频率等多个方面进行评估,略为复杂。

2 发病原因

目前颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的具体机制不明确,可能存在的危险因素包括如下:年龄、性别、全麻插管、术中软组织牵拉、手术时间、手术节段数量、手术翻修、材料选择、严重颈部疼痛、钢板厚度、吸烟等。有研究指出颈椎生理及解剖结构伴随着年龄增加而发生改变[20],且易出现吞咽困难[21]。Smith-Hammond等[6]研究指出60岁以上的患者吞咽困难概率大于60岁以下患者。Kalb等[16]对249例颈椎前路患者进行术后随访,出现和未出现吞咽困难的平均年龄是55岁和50岁,前者年龄大于后者。尽管如此,许多研究者认为年龄与吞咽困难无关[22-23]。颈椎术后吞咽困难发生率存在性别差异。Bazaz等[13]报道,在术后第6个月随访中,女性明显高于男性(P = 0.023)。Lee等[10]对颈椎前路患者术后第6、12、24个月随访中发现,女性吞咽困难的发生率是男性的两倍。Papavero等[14]研究表明ACDF术后患者49.3%抱怨吞咽障碍,其中女性占67.4%、男性占36.2%,但是研究认为术后吞咽困难与性别之间的联系无法解释。最新的一项研究[24]中表明,年龄(>50岁和<50岁)与术后吞咽困难的发生无关联。Rihn等[23]进行前瞻性研究,认为研究组和对照组术后发生率存在的差异性的原因在于颈椎手术本身,而不是潜在因素如全麻气管插管。Smith-Hammond等[6]对颈椎前路、后路、腰椎后路三种手术方式进行对比,研究结果指出吞咽困难与全麻气管插管无相关联。目前大多数学者比较赞成的观点是:手术时间与术后吞咽困难的发生概率正相关[25]。Rihn等[23]的一项前瞻性研究结果表明术后12周吞咽困难的严重程度与手术时间存在有关(P = 0.04)。Mendonza-Lattes等[26]对术中牵拉所致的食管内压力、食管黏膜血流量与术后吞咽困难之间的关系进行探索,研究表明术后吞咽困难患者术中牵拉过程中食管内压较高且食管黏膜内血流量较少。Carucci等[27]研究结果显示,91%患者在ACDF术后出现软组织肿胀,而软组织肿胀消退可以改善术后早期短暂性的吞咽障碍症状。此外,多节段减压融合手术是临床上经常被提到的导致术后吞咽困难的高风险因素。Riley等[9]发现2或3节段的手术患者术后吞咽困难发生率高于单节段患者。许多研究者认为,颈椎节段位置并不影响术后吞咽困难的发生率[6]。术后早期吞咽困难与水肿有关,但晚期的吞咽困难与瘢痕形成有关,瘢痕的形成与手术翻修密切相关[10]。Olsson等[28]实验结果显示翻修患者术后吞咽困难发生率为71%远高于初次手术患者的23%。除此之外,骨形态形成蛋白(BMPs)已经被证实增加了颈椎术后并发症。

3 预防

文献中对于颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的预防描述不多,也没有统一的方案。主要是在危险因素,药物的使用,饮食的调整等方面。如手术前的气管推移训练[29],手术中对于食管牵拉幅度和时间[30],低切迹钢板的使用[10],使用类固醇激素,避免使用BMP[31],降低气管插管囊内压在20 mmHg以下[30]等。现今比较统一的认识的是颈椎前路减压术后吞咽困难的发生,与手术中对食管牵拉的幅度和时间有关,呈正相关[32]。

4 治疗

吞咽困难的治疗,初步为非药物治疗,其目标是改变饮食习惯,防止误吸。具体包括:①饮食类型,大小,形状的改变;②吞咽控制;③改变体位;④训练咽喉肌群的协调性。而对于无法正常吞咽的患者,适当的平滑肌扩张药物的使用可缓解症状[22]。持续存在的误吸,则需要通过鼻饲管予以肠内营养[25]。

5 展望

综上所述,颈椎前路术后吞咽困难是由多种因素造成的一种术后并发症,具体发生机制仍不清楚.而目前的研究得出可能的相关风险因素有高龄、女性、多节段手术、手术时间的延长、BMP或rhBMP-2的使用。未来还需更多大样本、多中心、前瞻性的随机对照试验行进一步研究,在控制潜在混杂因素的同时,明确吞咽困难相关的危险因素,并提出有效的预防措施和治疗方案。

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(收稿日期:2016-12-26 本文編辑:苏 畅)

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