铁皮石斛产业化关键科学与技术的突破

斯金平+王琦+刘仲健+刘京晶+罗毅波

[摘要] 针对铁皮石斛繁殖难、种植难、产品单一等产业发展重大问题，通过铁皮石斛基因组学研究，明确铁皮石斛为二倍体、有38条染色体、28 910个蛋白编码基因及在转录组水平上的器官基因表达特异性，具有大量种子而种子没有胚乳、广泛生态适应性、多糖合成的基因调控机制，为铁皮石斛遗传工程育种和活性药用成分的开发利用提供了理论基础；攻克了结实难、发芽难等繁育难题，建立了组培快繁体系，实现种苗工厂化生产，奠定了铁皮石斛人工种植基础；建立了铁皮石斛育种体系，明确了重要经济性状的遗传变异规律，育成铁皮石斛系列专用品种（品系），解决了实生后代分离严重问题，支撑铁皮石斛产业升级；揭示了目标化合物动态变化规律、养分吸收机制，突破了栽培基质、光调控、精准采收等关键技术，建立了设施栽培、活树附生、岩壁附生、立体栽培、盆栽等系列栽培模式，实现种出铁皮石斛、种出好的铁皮石斛。

[关键词] 铁皮石斛； 基因组学； 品种选育； 种苗繁育； 栽培模式

[Abstract] In view of the significant difficulties of propagation， planting and simple product in Dendrobium catenatum（D. officinale）industry development， a series of research were carried out. Genome study showed that D. catenatum is a specie of diploid with 38 chromosomes and 28 910 protein-coding genes. It was identified that specific genes accumulated in different organs at the transcriptome level. We got an insight into the gene regulation mechanism of the loss of the endospermous seed， the wide ecological adaptability and the synthesis of polysaccharides， which provided a theoretical basis for genetic engineering breeding and development and utilization of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The rapid propagation system was established for applying to industrialized production by overcoming breeding problems on seed setting and sprouting， which laid a foundation for artificial cultivation of D. catenatum. And in order to give a clear explanation of genetic variation of important economic traits， we built up the breeding system. Since special varieties of D. catenatum were bred， it helped solve the problem of trait segregation of seedling progeny and support the improvement of D. catenatum industry. The regulation of dynamic variation of target compounds， together with the mechanism of nutrient uptake， was revealed. The breakthrough of key technologies including culture substrates， light regulation and precisely collection was carried out. Several cultivation modes like facility cultivation， original ecological cultivation， cliff epiphytic cultivation， stereoscopic cultivation and potting cultivation were set up. Above all， the goal of cultivating D. catenatum as well as producing good D. catenatum will be achieved.

[Key words] Dendrobium catenatum （D. officinale）； genome； variety improvement； breeding； cultivation modes

鐵皮石斛Dendrobium catenatum（D. officinale）[1]，始载于《神农本草经》，历代本草均有记载，具有益胃生津、滋阴清热、增强免疫力、抗肿瘤等独特功效 [2]。因繁殖与种植等重大难题，长期以来主要利用野生资源，导致资源枯竭而列为国家保护中药材，并制约产业发展[3]。20世纪90年代以来，逐一解决了铁皮石斛产业化的关键科学技术问题，形成系列原创性成果，使铁皮石斛产业从无到有，并形成百亿级产业。……