精英、场域与情景教育：民族民间武术活动传承中共谋性因素的探讨

李洋　戴国斌　张君贤　钱建东

摘要：运用文献资料与逻辑分析相结合的研究方法，以我国少数民族武术活动为考察对象，从中西方对“精英”认知的视角出发，对“精英”在武术活动中分类、定位与话语践行进行了一系列解读，并借用布迪厄的场域、资本、情景等相关的社会学理论，对武术活动中“精英”“场域”与情景教育的逻辑关系进行了文化意义上的剖析。研究认为在文化遗产保护语境下，少数民族武术传承与保护，应该关注武术活动的存在对武术文化与社会秩序调整的现实价值，充分认识与调动“自相关”与“他相关”精英的能动作用，保护“武”文化相关的特定的“文化空间”，注重情景教育在武术技艺建构中的重要功用，让精英、“场域”与情景教育三者形成联动之势，使武术文化在活动中得以“活态”延续、传承与保护。

关键词：武术；精英；场域；情景教育；少数民族；共谋；传承

中图分类号：G852文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-2076（2017）04-0037-06

Abstract：This paper， by use of the methods of literature and logic analysis， taking minority Wushu activities as the inspection object， starting from the cognition on "elite" from Chinese and western perspectives， gave a series of interpretation on the "elite" category， location and discourse practice in Wushu activities， and Bourdieu' sociological theory on field， capital， and situated education were also borrowed to make an analysis of the logical relationship among "elite"， "field" and situatededucation in Wushu activities from cultural perspective. The studies suggested that in the context of cultural heritage protection， for the inheritance and protection of minority Wushu， we should focus on the real value of Wushu activities to the culture and social order adjustment， fully understand and mobilize the dynamic of "self-correlation" and "cross-correlation" on elite， protect the specific "cultural field" of Wushu culture， value the important function of situated education in Wushu skill construction， making elite， "field" and situated education together promote the continuation， inheritance and protection of Wushu culture in activities.

Key words： elite； field； situated education； minority； conspiracy； inheritance

在中國，几乎每个民族都存在着千姿百态的武术样式与活动。从各地域的现场考察来看，源于族群信仰、伦理传统的统摄或出于文化意义生产的影响，大多数武术样式与活动的呈现往往发生在特定的“场域”与情景之中（如婚丧嫁娶、节庆文娱以及竞技活动等等），并沿袭着某种惯例，表现出程序议定、固定动作范式以及行为禁忌等一系列“仪式化”的特征[1]。族群个体通过对“仪式化”武术样式与活动的参与得以融入族群事象之中；获得武术技法体验的同时，也在信仰、精神上得到了一定程度上的满足。……