美国怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦监管实践及对中国的启示

胡振琪，付艳华，荣 颖，Anna Waitkus

（1.中国矿业大学（北京）土地复垦与生态重建研究所，北京 100083；2.天津城建大学，天津 300384；3.环境咨询公司，拉勒米 82070）

美国怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦监管实践及对中国的启示

胡振琪1，付艳华2，荣 颖1，Anna Waitkus3

（1.中国矿业大学（北京）土地复垦与生态重建研究所，北京 100083；2.天津城建大学，天津 300384；3.环境咨询公司，拉勒米 82070）

研究目的：学习美国矿业第一大州怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦政策体系和监管实践经验，为中国相关领域的政策制定和监管提供参考和借鉴。研究方法：通过相关法律法规和指南的阅读、分析及对管理人员的访问，对比中美复垦监管实践之间的差异。研究结果：解析了该州的相关政策和监管体系，详细介绍了监管框架中开采许可、保证金和年报等制度的目的和内容，以及监管与审批验收的人员、程序和关键步骤，中美复垦监管制度的差异。研究结论：美国怀俄明州的煤矿土地复垦监管体系较为完善，在以下方面值得借鉴：（1）基础信息调查全面、详尽；（2）管理目标明确、验收指标具体，不仅重视行政监管，更强调技术监管；（3）以年报制度要求企业自检，全面监测复垦要素，实现复垦过程监管；（4）监管人员专业技术水平要求较高，验收过程中资料审查与实地督查并重；（5）法律法规与相关指南实时更新，对企业的指导详尽，信息透明度和公众参与度较高。

土地整治；煤矿土地复垦；监管；怀俄明州

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to study the coal mine land reclamation policy, institution and supervision experiences in Wyoming where is the biggest mineral resources production state in the United States, and to provide a reference for the policy making and supervision in China. Methods adopted are review of rules, regulations and guidelines, interview of supervisor as well as the comparison of the regulations in China and Wyoming. The results show that the coal mine reclamation supervision system is comparatively perfect. And we could learn from the following parts: 1）the basic information investigation is comprehensive and detailed; 2）the target is clear, the performance standards are concrete, and both technical supervision and administrative supervision are got enough attentions; 3）the operator self-inspection is enforced by the annual report, with the monitoring of reclamation factors in order to realize the process supervision; 4）the supervisor has adequate relative knowledge, and the report review and field supervision are received equal attention;5）the rules, regulations and guidelines are revised timely to guide the operator, and the high level of information transparency and public participation exist.

Key words:land consolidation; coal mine land reclamation; supervision; Wyoming

20世纪80年代，中国开始有目的、有组织、有计划、有步骤地实施煤矿区土地复垦[1]。……