重庆万州地区妊娠期妇女血清甲状腺激素参考区间研究

2017-08-30 11:40胡世玲尹明华周茹欣
中国医学装备 2017年8期
关键词:万州区间激素

万 涛 胡世玲 尹明华 周 峻 周茹欣

重庆万州地区妊娠期妇女血清甲状腺激素参考区间研究

万 涛①胡世玲①尹明华①周 峻①周茹欣①

目的:建立重庆万州地区不同孕期妇女甲状腺激素参考区间,为准确筛查及诊断孕期甲状腺疾病提供依据。方法:选取在医院就诊的5320例妊娠妇女,按照美国甲状腺学会(ATA)推荐分期将妊娠妇女分为3组:妊娠早期组(孕1~12周)1632例,妊娠中期组(孕13~27周)1731例,妊娠晚期组(孕28~40周)1957例。另选同期相匹配的426名非妊娠期健康妇女为健康对照组。分析所有妊娠妇女和非孕期健康妇女的血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平,并建立各孕期参考区间。结果:所有妊娠妇女及非妊娠妇女的TSH水平均呈偏态分布,故以中位数(M)及双侧限值(P2.5~P97.5)表示其参考范围。TSH水平在妊娠早期组[0.81(0.03~3.19)]、妊娠中期组[1.11(0.04~3.71)]、妊娠晚期组[1.97(0.42~5.41)]期逐渐上升,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中妊娠晚期组与健康对照组[1.79(0.59-5.51)]比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。FT4水平在T1[13.59(10.39~17.61)]、T2[12.56(9.28~16.06)]、T3[11.54(8.37~15.02)]期逐渐降低,均低于健康对照组[14.01(11.01~18.18)],各组两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:建立重庆万州地区不同孕期妇女甲状腺激素水平的参考区间,有助于正确评价本地区妊娠期妇女的甲状腺功能。

甲状腺激素;参考区间;孕妇;万州

甲状腺疾病好发于女性,尤其是育龄妇女。在妊娠过程中,雌激素的改变、人绒毛膜促性腺激素的作用和碘代谢异常等生理变化会导致甲状腺相关激素指标发生复杂的变化,这些变化可能会导致与妊娠有关的甲状腺疾病[1-6]。妊娠期合并甲状腺疾病时可导致早产、流产及死胎等风险的增加,妊娠期甲状腺功能不足,如甲状腺功能减低症、亚临床甲状腺功能减低症和低T4综合症,甚至单纯的甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体阳性均可对胎儿和母体健康产生不良影响,可严重损害胎儿神经系统发育,导致其出生后的智力下降,因此对妊娠妇女甲状腺疾病的诊断和治疗显得尤为重要[7-11]。

目前,尚无公认的妊娠各期甲状腺激素参考范围可应用于临床,通常实验室多借用非孕期参考值范围,但由于人种、碘摄取水平和试剂厂商等的差异,可能会造成漏诊和误诊。美国国家生化学院(National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry,NACB)在《实验室诊断与监测甲状腺疾病的应用指南》中强调,在检验妊娠妇女的甲状腺功能时,应使用不同妊娠期的正常参考值范围对甲状腺疾病进行筛查,并建议各地区建立自己的妊娠甲状腺激素参考范围,对发现的甲状腺疾病及早的进行诊断和治疗[12]。为此,本研究针对重庆万州地区妊娠标本,建立本地区妊娠甲状腺激素水平的正常参考区间,以期为孕妇甲状腺功能筛查提供准确可靠的依据,降低对妊娠甲状腺疾病的漏诊率和误诊率。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

收集2014年8月至2016年1月于重庆市万州区妇幼保健院就诊的5320例门诊及住院妊娠妇女;所有妊娠妇女经过筛选,按美国甲状腺协会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)推荐分期将其分为妊娠早期组(孕1~12周)1632例,妊娠中期组(孕13~27周)1 731例,妊娠晚期组(孕28~40周)1 957例。另选426名同期相匹配的非妊娠期健康妇女作为健康对照组。

1.2 纳入与排除标准

健康孕妇参照美国NACB标准[13]制定本研究的入选和排除标准。

(1)纳入标准:①18岁以上无重大疾病体检孕妇;②所有妊娠妇女和非妊娠期健康妇女均签署知情同意书;③妊娠妇女样本量≥120例。

(2)排除标准:①抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(antithyroid peroxidase autoantibody,Anti-TPO)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(anti-thyroglobulin antibodies,TGA)阳性者;②甲状腺史和家族史患者;③服用甲状腺药物者(雌激素类除外);③资料不全者;④排除严重心脏、肺、肝脏、肾脏及胃肠疾病者;⑤离群值偏离中位数值5 SD。

1.3 仪器与试剂

Maglumi 2000全自动化学发光分析仪(深圳市新产业生物医学工程股份有限公司);促甲状腺激素(thyrotropin,thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(free tetraiodothyronine,FT4)、Anti-TPO、TGA试剂盒以及配套的定标品和质控品均由深圳市新产业生物医学工程股份有限公司提供。血清TSH线性范围为0.01~100 μIU/ml;血清FT3线性范围为0.2~50 pg/ml;血清FT4线性范围为1~120 pg/ml;血清Anti-TPO线性范围为0.38~1 000 IU/ml;TGA线性范围为0.5~2 800 IU/ml。

1.4 检测方法

收集各组妇女适量空腹静脉全血,静置30 min后以离心半径15 cm、3 000 r/min离心10 min,分离血清标本后严格按照说明书进行检测。如果出现溶血标本时则重新采集标本进行检测。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据分析,数据正态性分布采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验。指标若为正态分布,采用均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,两两对比采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA);若为偏态分布,指标使用百分位数法表示,其结果用中位数及双侧限值表示,选择95%可信区间,即P2.5~P97.5作为参考区间,两组比较和多组比较分别选用Mann-Whitney检验和Kruskal Wallis检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

(1)妊娠早期组、妊娠中期组及妊娠晚期组的年龄指标均符合正态分布,平均年龄(26.87±6.03)岁;妊娠早期组年龄20~42岁,平均年龄(26.74±4.69)岁;妊娠中期组年龄19~40岁,平均年龄(26.21±4.58)岁;妊娠晚期组年龄19~39岁,平均年龄(26.35±5.26)岁;健康对照组年龄19~41岁。所有入组妇女年龄呈正态分布,4组间年龄比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.89,P>0.05),见表1。

(2)TSH和FT4相关数据均呈偏态分布,两组比较和多组比较分别选用Mann-Whitney检验和Kruskal Wallis检验。TSH值在妊娠早期最低,妊娠中期略有升高,随着孕周增加,TSH值逐渐升高,在妊娠晚期达到高峰,甚至略高于非孕期健康对照组。TSH值采用Mann-Whitney检验两两比较:①妊娠早期与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.00<0.05);②妊娠中期与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.00<0.05);③妊娠晚期与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P=1.23>0.05);④妊娠早期与妊娠中期比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.008<0.05);⑤妊娠早期与妊娠晚期比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.00<0.05);⑥妊娠中期与妊娠晚期比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.001<0.05)。FT4采用Kruskal Wallis检验多组比较,其差异有统计学意义(P=0.009<0.05),见表2。

表1 入组妇女基本资料(x-±s)

组别例数TSH(μlU/ml)FT4(pg/ml)妊娠早期组16320.81(0.03~3.19)*13.59(10.39~17.61)△妊娠中期组17311.11(0.04~3.71)*12.56(9.28~16.06)△妊娠晚期组19571.97(0.42~5.41)**11.54(8.37~15.02)△健康对照组4261.79(0.59~5.51)14.01(11.01~18.18)△

3 讨论

妊娠合并甲状腺疾病对母体和胎儿均有不良的影响,可致妊娠期高血压、贫血、糖代谢异常、胎儿生长受限及新生儿低体重等并发症的产生,甚至会引起早产、流产和胎死腹中[14-15]。甲状腺功能亢进症或甲状腺功能减退症的临床表征在妊娠期易被妊娠生理反应所掩盖,如果诊治不及时,不良妊娠结局的发生率将极大提高。部分孕妇早期出现亚临床甲状腺功能减退,随着孕期增长病情可进展为妊娠期甲状腺功能减退,从而导致不良妊娠结局。因此,对于上述疾病的早期诊断尤为重要。

血清甲状腺功能指标的测定是门诊初步评估被检者甲状腺功能的首选检测项目和敏感指标。影响正常人群TSH测定值的因素包括所在地区的碘营养状态和测定试剂,多数研究指出,TSH、FT4的参考区间的界定因不同地区、人群、种族、碘摄取量、孕期以及检测系统等而异。绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG)因其α亚单位与TSH相似,对孕妇甲状腺有直接刺激作用,在妊娠8~10周逐渐达到高峰并对垂体分泌TRH水平产生抑制作用,使血清TSH水平降低20%~30%[16]。本研究数据显示,随着妊娠期的增长,TSH测定值逐渐升高而FT4测定值逐渐下降,这一变化趋势与以往的研究结果相符[17-19]。国内外均有报道指出TSH、FT4在不同检测系统中不具有可比性,但具有相关性,Maglumi 2000全自动化学发光分析仪尚未建立妊娠妇女甲状腺激素参考区间,采用其他仪器参考区间可能发生甲状腺疾病的漏诊和误诊,延误患者诊治。采用非孕期或者同一参考区间评估不同妊娠期妇女甲状腺状态也是不适宜的。

本研究建立了重庆市万州地区正常孕妇不同孕期甲状腺激素水平的参考范围,揭示不同孕期妊娠期妇女甲状腺激素水平的变化规律,期望能为本地区孕期妇女甲状腺疾病的临床诊断、治疗、监测以及相关研究提供一定的参考意义。

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Study on the reference ranges of serum thyroid hormone of pregnant woman of Wanzhou area in Chongqing/

WAN Tao, HU Shi-ling, YIN Ming-hua, et al//
China Medical Equipment,2017,14(8):105-108.

Objective: To establish the reference ranges of serum thyroid hormone for pregnant woman of different gestation in Wanzhou area of Chongqing so as to provide reference for accurately screening and diagnosing thyroid disease of gestation. Methods: 5320 pregnant women and 426 non- pregnant healthy women were divided into first trimester of pregnancy group (1-12 weeks, 1632 cases), second trimester of pregnancy group (13-27 weeks, 1731 cases) and third trimester of pregnancy group (28-40 weeks, 1957 cases) according to the standard of American thyroid association (ATA). The matching healthy non- pregnant women were divided into control group. The serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), the free thyroxine (FT4) of all of cases were analyzed and the different reference ranges of various gestation was established. Results: The TSH of all of cases were skew distribution, so the median and bilateral limiting value (P2.5 and P7.5) were used to reflect its reference ranges. The TSH levels of first trimester of pregnancy group, second trimester of pregnancy group and third trimester of pregnancy respectively were [0.81(0.03~3.19)], [1.11(0.04~3.71)] and [1.97(0.42~5.41)], and the difference of comparison between any two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). While the difference of TSH level between third trimester of pregnancy and control group [1.79(0.59-5.51)] were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Besides, the FT4 levels gradually decreased with the change of gestation and all of them were lower than that of healthy control group, and the differences of FT4 levels between any two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The reference ranges of thyroid hormone levels in different gestation for Wanzhou area of Chongqing are established, and it contributes to correctly estimate and evaluate the thyroid function of pregnant women in local area.

Thyroid hormones; Reference ranges; Pregnant women; Wanzhou

Maternal and Child Care Hospital of Wanzhou District in Chongqing, Chongqing 404100, China.

1672-8270(2017)08-0105-04

R714.256

A

10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2017.08.029

2016-11-10

①重庆市万州区妇幼保健院产科围产医学实验室 重庆 404100

万涛,男,(1981- ),本科学历,主管技师。重庆市万州区妇幼保健院产科围产医学实验室,从事医学检验工作。

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