短文改错的考点与解题口诀

陈龙玉

一、考点分析

2014～2017高考全国I卷的考点情况见以下两表。表一：

由上表可知：

1. 短文改错的考点涉及面非常广，主要考点有：名词的单复数、代词、冠词、介词、连词、动词时态语态与情态动词、词性、比较等级、基数词与序数词、祈使句句型等。

2. 错误类型：错8个词、增1个词、减1个词，即错增减的比例为8∶1∶1。

3. 一增一减的主要词为：冠词、连词、介词、to（介词或不定式符号）、代词和助动词等。

二、解法口诀

短文改错的考点与解题方法可借助以下口诀来助记。

动词形，名词数，还要注意形和副。

代词格，细领悟，前后一致要过目。

连词冠词常光顾，介词短语需关注。

连冠介，to代助，一增一减可别误。

常用词，细辨析，即可区分正与误。

比较等级及其它，语义搭配对了不？

三、解题实例

以2014～2017年高考全国卷真题为例，说明如何运用解题口诀。

1. 动词形

动词形就是无论是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，动词错误就是形式错误，即要求考生改变形式。动词有原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、一般过去式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词等。

（1）（2017全国Ⅰ卷） Before getting into the car， I thought I had learned the instructors orders， but once I started the car， my mind goes blank.

（2）（2016全国Ⅰ卷）It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncle tells me ...

（3）（2016全国Ⅰ卷）Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.

（4）（2015全国I卷）When I was a child， I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.

（5）（2015全国Ⅰ卷）We must found ways ...

（6）（2014全国Ⅰ卷）Since then—for all these years—we had been allowing ...

（7）（2017全國Ⅱ卷）Besides，they often get some useful information ... When summer came， they will invite their students ...

（8）（2017全国Ⅲ卷）I had grown not only physically， but also mentally in the past few years.

（9）（2017全国Ⅲ卷）I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.

（10）（2017全国Ⅲ卷）About one month after this photo was took， I entered my second year of high school ...

（11）（2016全国II卷）We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.

（12）（2016全国Ⅲ卷）I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.

（13）（2014全国II卷）My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of flowers ...

答案：

（1）goes→went 时态一致。

（2）had→have 时态一致。

（3）using→used 被动语态的构成，是be加过去分词。

（4）think→thought 时态一致。

（5）found→find 情态动词后要用动词原形。

（6）had→have 由Since then—for all these years可知用现在完成进行时。

（7）came→comes 主句谓语动词will invite是一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，故填comes。

（8）had→have 因in the past few years常与现在完成时连用，故改had为have。

（9）become→became 并列一致。

（10）took→taken被动语态的构成：be加过去分词，而take的过去分词是taken。……