非谓语动词在高考中的考查分析

甘肃 孙建峰

非谓语动词在高考中的考查分析

甘肃 孙建峰

非谓语动词是动词的变体，是为了满足动词作除了谓语之外的其他成分而产生的。非谓语动词的考查是语篇型语法填空以及短文改错的考查重点。第一，在语法填空题中对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在作定语和宾语，此外作主语、表语、状语和补语也是考查的重点。第二，在短文改错中，有动词形式的误用，如本该用V-ing作主语却用了原形；在介词或某些动词后本应接V-ing的却用了谓语动词形式；本该用V-ing的却用了V-ed形式。另外，不定式符号to多用或者少用也是常考点。

考点一 非谓语动词的形式及意义

非谓语动词 __主动语态____被动语态 意义一般式 to do to be done不定式不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生__________或在其后发生进行式 to be doing / 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式 to have done to have____________been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前一般式 doing being done V-ing___________________其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生___V-ed一般式 done / 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成_____其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或基本上同时发生_____完成式 having done having been____________done_____

1. The meeting_______（hold）yesterday was sure to be a great success.

2. The meeting________（hold）now is sure to be a great success.

3. The meeting_______（hold）next week is sure to be a great success.

4.（2014·北京高考）There are still many problems（_______solve）before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

5.（2015·天津高考）_______（work）for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.

【答案】1. held 2. being held 3. to be held 4. to be solved 5. Having worked

考点二 非谓语动词作主语和表语

1.不定式作主语和表语

（1）不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动词。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。

（2014·浙江高考）No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it’s better to remain silent.

（2）不定式作表语时，①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim，purpose，idea，plan，wish，decision，choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。

His wish is to be a doctor in the future.

What I want to do most in senior high is（to）improve my English.

2.动名词作主语和表语

（1）动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It’s a waste of time doing...；It’s no use/good doing...；It is useless doing...等句型中。

（2013·福建高考）Knowing basic first- aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

（2014·上海高考）It’s no use complaining without taking action.

（2）动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。

Our job is playing all kinds of music.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。

【注意】

不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数，这是短文改错中经常出现的错误。

考点三 非谓语动词作状语

1.不定式作状语

（1）作目的状语，意为“为了”，可置于句首或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order to或so as to，但是so as to不能置于句首。

（2015·福建高考）_______（learn）more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

【答案】To learn

（2016·北京高考）_______（make）it easier to get in touch with us，you’d better keep this card at hand.

【答案】To make

（2）作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do；enough to do（足够做……）；too...to do...（太……而不能……）；so/such...as to...（如此……以至于……）

（2012·山东高考）George returned after the war，only________（tell）that his wife had left him.

【答案】to be told

（3）作原因状语，不定式与情感类形容词连用时，大多作原因状语。常见的形容词：sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，kind等。

The old man sat in front of the television every evening，happy to watch anything that happened to be on.

2.分词作状语

非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

（1）_______（see）from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.

（2）_______（see）from the top of the mountain，we find the city very beautiful.

（3）（2015·北京高考）The park was full of people，________（enjoy）themselves in the sunshine.

（4）（2012·天津高考）________（translate）into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

【答案】1.Seen 2.Seeing 3.enjoying 4.Translated

考点四 非谓语动词作宾语

1. 只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，help，prepare，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，want，expect，fail，pretend，manage，determine，beg，arrange，threaten，claim，hesitate，wait，happen（碰巧）等。

When the teacher came in，they pretended to be reading books.

2. 只接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，avoid，consider，escape（避开），imagine，mind，miss，practise，suggest，feel like，give up，put off，object to，look forward to等。可借鉴如下口诀记忆：

喜欢、考虑不可免（enjoy，consider，escape，avoid）

停止放弃太冒险（stop，give up ，risk）

反对想象莫推延（object to，imagine，delay，put off）

要求完成是期望（require，finish，look forward to）

建议继续勤练习（suggest，go on，practise）

不禁原谅要坚持（can’t help，excuse ，insist on）

继续注意使成功（keep on，mind，succeed in）

（2014·陕西高考）It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like________（go）for a swim？

【答案】going

3.接不定式与动名词作宾语时，意义不同的动词：（1）try to do 尽力做……；try doing 试着去做……（2）mean to do打算做……；mean doing 意味着……（3）regret to do遗憾要去做……；regret doing后悔做过……（4）remember to do 记得去做……；remember doing记得做过……（5）forget to do忘记去做……；forget doing 忘记做了……

（2014·安徽高考）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.

We still remember once being taken/having been taken round the famous tower when we were y oung.

考点五 非谓语动词作宾补

1.不定式作宾补

不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾补的动词（短语）：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，intend，invite，order，persuade，prefer，require，remind，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on等。

（2013·上海高考）As Jack left his membership card at home，he wasn’t allowed to go into the sports club.

【注意】

（1）使役动词（make，have，let 等）及感官动词（see，watch，observe，hear，notice 等）后作宾补的不定式不带to。但用于被动语态（let除外）时，作主补的不定式一定要加上to。

（2012·全国卷Ⅱ）The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs for the meeting.

（2）用不定式作主补的常考结构有：

sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/ to be done/ to be doing/to have been done sth.

He is thought to have invented the first telephone in the world.

2.分词作宾补

（1）现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词（see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel），使役动词（have，get），find，leave，keep，catch等。

（2014·四川高考）I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

（2）过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词（see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel），使役动词（have，make，let，get），find，leave，keep等。

（2015·陕西高考）Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.

【注意】

（1）使役动词have，get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth. done＝get sth. done让别人做某事②have sb./sth. doing 让……一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb. do sth.＝get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事，但have sth. to do意为“有某事要做”，此时to do作后置定语。

（2010·辽宁高考）Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.

（2014·山东高考）I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.

（2）with复合结构中作宾补的非谓语动词：

①“with＋宾语＋现在分词”结构表示主动和动作正在进行；

②“with＋宾语＋过去分词”结构表示被动和动作已经完成；

③“with＋宾语＋不定式”结构表示将来。切记：不定式在任何情况下都用主动形式。

（2013·辽宁高考）The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.

考点六 非谓语动词作定语

1.不定式作定语

（1）不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。

The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.

（2）序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。

He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.

（3）被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way 等。

（2012·湖南高考）The ability________（express）an idea is as important as the idea itself.

【答案】to express

2.分词作定语

作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。

（2014·北京高考）Last night，there were millions of people_______（watch）the opening ceremony live on TV.

【答案】watching

跟踪练习：

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.（2014·江西高考）_______（spend）nearly all our money，we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.

2.（2016·全国卷Ⅰ）My ambassadorial duties will include_______（introduce）British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu...

3.（2016·全国卷Ⅲ）The Chinese probably cooked their food in large pots， ______（use）twigs to remove it.

4.（2016·全国卷Ⅰ）I was the first Western TV reporter_______（permit）to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

5.（2016·全国卷Ⅲ）Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal_______（create）special design.

Ⅱ.单句改错

6.（2015·陕西高考·短文改错）I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.

7.（2015·陕西高考·短文改错）My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!

8.（2014·四川高考·短文改错）It’s been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.

9.（2015·四川高考·短文改错）We’ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.

10.（2015·全国卷Ⅱ·短文改错）After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around and found his parents were missing.

【答案】1.Having spent 2.introducing 3.using 4.permitted 5.to create 6.get前加to 7.enjoy→enjoying 8.want后加to 9.sing→singing 10.looks→looking

甘肃省高台一中）