虚拟语气面面观

昝亚娟

虚拟语气表示说话人的一种主观愿望、假设的情况、一种猜测或建议，并非客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是通过谓语动词的变化来表示的，可用于简单句、状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句中。

一、高中阶段应掌握的虚拟语气知识清单

（一）虚拟语气在简单句中的应用

1.在日常对话中，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。这时虚拟语气的构成形式常为“would/could/might/should+原形动词”。例如：

Would you like to have a talk with us this evening？

Could I use your bike now？

You should always learn this lesson by heart.

I couldnt agree with you more.

It couldnt be better.

2.表示“祝愿”时，常用“may+主语+动词原形”。例如：

May you have a good journey！

3.表示強烈的“愿望”“祝愿”时，谓语动词常用动词原形。例如：

Long live our friendship.

God bless you！

4.表示对过去已经发生的某种情况进行责备时，常用虚拟语气，结构为“情态动词+have+过去分词”。例如：

You should have arrived on time. What are you so late？

5.If only引导的句子表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”。若该句子表示愿望与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；表示一种愿望与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用“had done”；表示将来很难实现的愿望，谓语动词用“would +动词原形”。例如：

If only I knew the answer！

If only the accident had not happened！

If only I could go to the Mars one day！

（二）虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用

1.在if条件状语从句中

（1）在与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句中，谓语动词要用一般过去时；如果是be时，一律用were。主句中的谓语动词要用“should （would / could / might） do”。例如：

If Newton lived today， he would be surprised by what has been discovered in science.

If I were a teacher， I would try my best to let my students make great progress.

If it were not for the fact that she cant sing， I would invite her to the party.

（2）在与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中，谓语动词要用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词要用“should （would / could / might） have done”。例如：

If you had followed my advice， you would have made great progress in spoken English.

If the old man had not been sent to the hospital at once， he would have died.

If you had gone through your papers， you wouldnt have made so many mistakes.

（3）在与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中，谓语动词可以用“过去式 / were to do / should do”，主句的谓语动词要用“should （would / could / might） do”。例如：

If you should lend him the money， he would buy the car.

If I were to do the experiment， I would do it in a different way.

If you visited him now and then， he would live a much happier life.

【注意】（1）省略if，采用倒装语序

在if虚拟条件句中，通常可以省略if，把were， had，should提到句首，构成倒装句。例如：

Had I made full preparations for the examination， I would have passed it.

Should it rain tomorrow， we might put off the sports meeting.

Were I you， I would follow the teachers advice.

（2）错综时间条件句

如果虚拟条件句中从句与主句所表示的时间不一致，例如从句指过去，而主句指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境，结合前面讲述的三种基本类型对时态形式做出相应的调整。例如：endprint

If Lisa had not gone to bed so late last night， she would not be so sleepy now.

If Tom had passed the driving test， he would be driving his new car.

（3）含蓄条件句

①有时， 不使用if虚拟条件从句表示假设的情况，而是通过介词或介词短语（with， without， under， but for，in that case等）来表示。例如：

Without air （If there were no air）， there would be no living things.

But for your help （If we had not received your help）， I couldnt have completed the task on time.

② 通过连词otherwise和but，把虚拟的条件隐含在上下文之中。例如：

I would go abroad for further study but my English is poor.

I was away on business， otherwise I would have gone to your birthday party.

2.在方式狀语从句中

在as if / as though引导的方式状语从句中，表示现在或将来的动作要用一般过去时，表示过去的动作要用过去完成时。例如：

If you put a pencil into a glass of water， it looks as if it were broken.

The little boy ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.

Everyone looked at her as if she had behaved very badly.

3.在目的状语从句中

（1）在for fear that，in case引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词常用“should + 动词原形”，且should不能省略。例如：

Jane examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.

We took an umbrella in case it should rain.

（2）在so that，in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，谓语由“can/may/could/might/will/would/should + 动词原形”构成。例如：

I got closer to the speaker so that he could hear him clearly.

Mary read the letter carefully in order that she should not miss a word.

（三）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用

1.在宾语从句中

（1）在require，order，propose，command，request，de-sire等表示“建议”“要求”“命令”意思的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。例如：

The teacher required that our homework （should） be handed in the next day.

The doctors ordered that the patient （should） be sent to a bigger hospital without delay.

He proposed that I （should） look for my purse at the lost-property office.

【注意】在suggest和insist引导的宾语从句中，当suggest表示“建议”，insist表示“坚持”时，后面的宾语从句的谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。例如：

I suggested that he （should） take the toy apart to see how it worked.

He insisted that we （should） discuss the problem at the meeting.

当suggest表示“暗示”，insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”时，后面的宾语从句使用正常的时态。例如：

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.

（2）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反或对将来的主观愿望。

①表示对现在情况的虚拟，从句中的谓语动词用过去式（be动词一般用were）。例如：

How I wish that I were a teacher！

How I wish every family had a big house with a beautiful garden！endprint

②表示对过去情况的虚拟， 从句中的谓语动词常用“had + 过去分词”。例如：

How I wish I had known the answers.

It was my turn to recite. How I wish I had been able to say the rules without a mistake！

③表示對将来的主观愿望，从句的谓语动词形式为“would + 动词原形”。例如：

I wish we would migrate from this place every winter， as the birds do.

I wish you would give me a more detailed description of your trip.

（3）在would rather“宁愿”， would prefer“更喜欢”之后的宾语从句中，常用虚拟语气。如果愿望与现在和将来的事实相反，谓语动词常用过去式；如果愿望与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

I would prefer that you did not mention my name in front of him.

I would rather you came tomorrow as I am extremely busy today.

I would prefer that I had not told her the truth.

2.在主语从句中

在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示“惊奇”“令人难以置信”“理应如此”等。例如：

It is necessary/important/natural/strange that we should take action right now.

It was a pity/shame that you should be so careless.

It is suggested/ordered/required/proposed that the students should stay behind after school.

3.在表语从句中

当主语是suggestion，proposal，order，request，advice，requirement，demand等名词时，其后跟的表语从句，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。例如：

One requirement for this job is that you （should） be available to work on weekends.

My uncles suggestion was that we （should） go to Shanghai for the holiday.

4.在同位语从句中

在suggestion，proposal，order，request，advice，requirement，demand等名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。

We turned down Johns request that he （should） travel with us.

They rejected our proposal that the system （should） be improved.

（四）虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用

It is （high） time that+ 从句，表示早该做而未做的事，含建议的意思，从句的谓语动词常用过去式或“should + 动词原形” ，should一般不省略。例如：

It is high time we took action to fight against bullying.

二、高考如何考查虚拟语气

（一）考查if条件句中主句或从句的谓语动词的形式

1.（2017·北京卷）If the new safety system _______ to use， the accident would never have happened.

A. had been put B. were put

C. should be put D. would be put

【名师点拨】句意：“如果采用了新的安全系统，这场事故就不会发生。”根据主句的谓语动词would never have happened可判断，本句陈述的情况与过去事实相反，因此if条件句要用had done，故最佳答案为A。

2.（2016·北京卷）Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？ If you ______ me， I could have helped.

A. told B. had told C. were to tell D. would tell

【名师点拨】句意：“你为什么上周不告诉我你的烦恼呢？如果你告诉我了，我本来可以帮助你的。”根据第一句中的“didnt you tell”可知，本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。根据第一句中的时间状语last week和第二句中的could have helped可判断，句中陈述的事实与过去事实相反，故最佳答案为B。endprint

3.（2016·天津卷）I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I _________.

A. were injured B. would be injured

C. had been injured D. would have been injured

【名師点拨】句意：“我当时系着安全带。如果我没系安全带，我就受伤了。”本题考查if条件句中的虚拟语气，根据第一句中的was wearing和if条件句中的had been wearing可判断，本句陈述的情况与过去的事实相反，故最佳答案为D。

（二）考查含蓄条件句

4. （2017·天津卷）—Do you have Bettys phone number？

—Yes. Otherwise， I ______able to reach her yesterday.

A. hadnt been B. wouldnt have been

C. werent D. wouldnt be

【名师点拨】句意：“——你有Betty的电话号码吗？——我有，否则我昨天就无法给她打通电话了。”otherwise用来引导含蓄虚拟语气，代替if条件句。根据句中的时间状语yesterday可知，答语陈述的情况与过去的事实相反，故最佳答案为B。

（三）考查省略if的倒装句

5.（2017·江苏卷）__________not for the support of the teachers， the student could not overcome her difficulty.

A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it

【名师点拨】句意： “没有老师们的支持，这个学生就不能克服她的困难。”题干为省略if的虚拟语气条件句。省略if后，条件句采用倒装语序，即把had/should/were提到主语之前。根据主句谓语动词“could not overcome her difficulty”，可判断本句陈述的情况与现在的事实相反，故最佳答案为B。

6.（2016·浙江卷）Had the governments and scientists not worked together， AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.

A. had not fallen B. would not fall

C. did not fall D. would not have fallen

【名师点拨】句意：“如果没有政府和科学家们的一致配合，与艾滋病相关的死亡人数就不会从2005年的最高点下降。”本题考查省略if的条件句的虚拟语气，根据第一句“had...not worked together”可判断，本句陈述的情况与过去事实相反，主句的谓语动词应为“情态动词+have done”，故最佳答案为D。

（四）考查错综时间条件句

7.（2016·江苏卷）If it for his invitation the other day， I should not be here now.

A. had not been B. should not be

C. were not to be D. should not have been

【名师点拨】句意：“要不是他那天的邀请，我现在也不会在这儿。”本题考查错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气这一知识点。根据if条件句中的时间状语the other day可判断，从句中陈述的情况与过去事实相反，最佳答案为A。

⊕巩固练习⊕

1. the doctor （come） in time last night， the boy would have been saved.

2. If I （go） to the moon one day， I would see it with my own eyes.

3. He delivered himself with precision as if he （call） on to make a public statement.

4. If I （be） you， I would seize the chance to go abroad for further study.

5. If you hadnt worn dark glasses， I （recognize） you at the airport.

6. Tom and Jerry must have quarreled with each other. Otherwise， they （go） out together.

7. But for the first aid the passenger received， he （not survived） the traffic accident

8. It would be impossible for him to leave hospital tomorrow if he （not give） first aid when the accident happened.

9. I didnt go to Annes party last night. How I wish I （invite）！

10. Tom made a suggestion that the English test （put off） until next Wednesday.

11. How I wish I （make） a trip to Antarctic in a few yearstime！

12. Their failure in the experiment suggested that they （listen） to the teacher carefully.

13. Though we didnt let him do that， he insisted that he （give） out all his money.

14. Its important that you （get） everything ready before you leave.

Keys： 1. Had； come 2. should go / went / were to go

3. had been called 4. were 5. would have recognized 6. would have gone 7. wouldnt have lived 8. hadnt been given 9. had been invited 10. （should） be put off 11. would make 12. hadnt listened 13. （should） give 14. （should ）getendprint