果实膨大期施用黄腐酸水溶肥对苹果叶片生长、果实品质及产量的影响

何流 刘晓霞 于天武 侯昕 孙萌萌 葛顺峰 姜远茂

摘要：本试验以7年生苹果品种烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为材料，共设4个施肥处理，即对照（CK）：施用0.7 kg氮磷钾复合肥（单株用量，下同），H1：施用1.0 kg黄腐酸水溶肥，H2：施用1.5 kg黄腐酸水溶肥，H3：施用2.0 kg黄腐酸水溶肥，研究果实膨大期黄腐酸水溶肥对苹果叶片生长、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明：与CK相比，H1、H2、H3处理提高了叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积和百叶重，提高幅度分别为10.40%～16.08%、2.90%～6.21%、14.63%～23.80%，以H3处理提高幅度最大；与CK相比，H1、H2、H3处理也改善了果实内在和外在品质，单果重增加7.19%～27.26%，硬度增加19.60%～43.13%，纵径增加8.23%～19.77%，横径增加1.96%～6.52%，可溶性固形物增加5.98%～18.48%，固酸比增加22.19%～30.36%，均以H3处理效果最佳；与CK相比，H1、H2、H3处理提高了单株产量，提高幅度为6.15%～25.89%。综合分析可得，果实膨大期黄腐酸水溶肥处理不仅对叶片生长有较明显的影响，而且能有效地改善果实品质，提高产量，单株黄腐酸水溶肥施用量以2.0 kg为最佳。

关键词：黄腐酸；苹果；叶片；果实品质；产量

中图分类号：S661.106+2文献标识号：A文章编号：1001-4942（2018）04-0079-05

Abstract Seven-year-old apple trees of Yanfu3/M26/Malus hupehensis were used as materials in the experiment. Four fertilizer treatments as 0.7 kg N-P-K compound fertilizer （CK）， 1.0 kg water-soluble yellow humic acid fertilizer （H1）， 1.5 kg water-soluble yellow humic acid fertilizer（H2） and 2.0 kg water soluble yellow humic acid fertilizer（H3） were set for single plant. Their effects on leaf growth， fruit quality and yield were studied. The results showed that the H1， H2 and H3 increased the chlorophyll content， leaf area and hundred-leaf weight compared with CK. The corresponding increase ranges reached 10.40%～16.08%， 2.90%～6.21% and 14.63%～23.80%， and that of H3 was the highest. H1， H2 and H3 improved the internal and external fruit qualities. The single fruit weight， firmness， vertical diameter， transverse diameter， soluble solid and the ratio of soluble solid to acid increased by 7.19%～27.26%， 19.60%～43.13%， 8.23%～19.77%， 1.96%～6.52%， 5.98%～18.48% and 22.19%～30.36% respectively. H3 also had the best effects. H1， H2 and H3 increased the yield per plant by 6.15%～25.89% compared to CK.By comprehensive analysis， it was concluded that water-soluble yellow humic acid fertilizer could not only influence leaf growth， but also improve fruit quality and yield of apple，and 2.0 kg water soluble yellow humic acid fertilizer per plant was the best application amount.

Keywords Fulvic acid； Apple； Leaf； Fruit quality； Yield

中國是苹果种植面积最大、总产量最高的国家，约占世界总产量的 55%。2015年中国苹果总种植面积在233.33万公顷左右，苹果总产量在4 000万吨以上，苹果同比增产 8%～10%，但果品质量严重参差不齐。我国果树大都遵循“上山下滩，不与粮棉争夺良田”的发展方针，建园条件差，土壤有机质和养分含量不足，农民往往通过大量或过量施入化肥来提高产量。近年来，我国苹果园化肥用量持续高速增长，农业部统计资料显示，纯氮用量已由2008年360 kg/hm2增加到2014年490 kg/hm2，而世界上苹果生产发达国家的施肥量普遍较低，N、P2O5、K2O的推荐施用量分别为150～200、100～150、150～200 kg/hm2[1]。……