《日本商法典》运输总则最新修订之评析

2018-09-10 12:21:10陈昊泽何丽新
中国海商法研究 2018年3期

陈昊泽 何丽新

摘要:《日本商法典》的运输和海商部分由于技术革新、运输方式变革等原因,其规定已落后于时代。顺应法律条文现代化趋势,2018年《日本商法典》迎来了时隔约120年的大修改。此次修法基于运输法制体系化的立法理念,使得日本运输法制由分散化而形成了从“一般法”到“特别法”的立法结构。运输总则的设置使得立法在精简的同时增加了整合性,法律适用呈现统一化,保障了人们对现代运输交易的稳定预期,促进了多式联运承运人责任原则向统一责任制发展。修改后,在货物运输、旅客运输、多式联运等制度修订上,体现了海商法的“上岸”趋势。

关键词:《日本商法典》;运输总则;货物运输;旅客运输;多式联运

中图分类号:DF961.9文献标志码:A

文章编号:2096028X(2018)03008810

Analysis on the latest revision of the general provisions of transport law in Japanese Commercial Code

CHEN Haoze,HE Lixing

(School of Law,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China)

Abstract:Due to technology innovation, the change in transportation mode and other reasons, the rules of the transportation and maritime part of Japanese Commercial Code have been behind the times. To keep up with the trend of law modernization, the Japanese Commercial Code was amended after 120 years in 2018. Based on the idea of systematization of transport legislation, Japanese transportation law has changed to a new legislative structure which is from general law to special law. The establishment of the general provisions of transport law makes the legislation more integrated while simplifying it. The application of law is unified which ensures peoples stable expectation of modern transportation transactions. The principle of liability of multimodal transport carriers is developing towards uniform liability principle. After the revision, the application of the maritime legal system presents a dual track system, and the application of domestic water transport law has been unified. This amendment reflects the trend of landing of maritime law in cargo transport, passenger transport and multimodal transport.

Key words:Japanese Commercial Code;general provisions of transport law;cargo transport;passenger transport;multimodal transport

舊《日本商法典》(简称《商法典》)自1899年施行以来,其中第二编第八章“运输营业”和第三编“海商”,没有经过实质修改。2014年2月7日,日本法务大臣对运输法制的修改提出要求,至2018年5月18日,修改《商法典》运输和海商部分等规定的修正案在国会全票通过。此次修法最大的亮点是将原本只适用于陆上运输的运输营业章修改为适用于所有运输方式的总则性规定。修改后的运输营业章

被日本学界普遍称为运输总则。此外,海商编也顺应时代进行了现代化修订,而《国际海上货物运输法》①

仅删去了内容与运输总则规定相同的部分,做了形式上的修改。

一、修法的动因

(一)旧有规定与实务的背离

《商法典》的运输和海商部分立法至今经过了约120年,大部分规定已完全落后于时代,既不能反映现代运输发展趋势,也不能调整和指导实务运行,缺乏合理性与整合性。……

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