油菜种子混拌硼肥直播对油菜产量及硼肥利用率的影响

童金花 王杰 张慧颖 黎良平 戴典 江再生

摘 要：以沣油823为油菜供试品种，在浏阳北盛镇土壤有效硼含量0.33和0.51 mg/kg的2片水稻田，设置4.5、9.0和13.5 kg/hm2 3个硼肥用量梯度，研究油菜种子与专用硼肥混拌直播在不同肥力田块上对油菜出苗、硼积累量、地上部生物量、产量、硼肥利用率的影响。结果表明：不同肥力田块上，硼肥用量在9.0 kg/hm2时出苗率最高。在土壤有效硼含量为0.33 mg/kg条件下，油菜角果和籽粒生物量、地上部生物总量、收获指数、产量、硼累积量都随硼肥用量的增加而提高，但硼肥利用率成下降趋势。在土壤有效硼含量为0.51 mg/kg条件下，当硼肥用量为9.0 kg/hm2时，籽粒生物量、收获指数、产量最高。油菜种子混拌专用硼肥直播对油菜生长没有不利影响，建议在浏阳施硼量为9.0～13.5 kg/hm2。

关键词：油菜;硼肥;出苗率;硼肥利用率;产量

中图分类号：S565.4; S143.7+1文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-060X（2020）03-0027-04

Abstract： In order to understand the effect of direct sowing of rapeseeds mixed with boron fertilizer on the seedling emergence， B accumulation， biomass， seed yield and B use efficiency of winter rape， the field trial with 3 application rates of B fertilizer （4.5， 9.0， 13.5 kg/hm2） was conducted in Beisheng Town， Liuyang City. The rape cultivar Fengyou 823 and 2 soil polts where the available boron content was originally 0.33mg/kg and 0.51mg/kg， respectively were chosen as the research objects. The results showed that the highest seedling emergence rate was achieved at 9.0kg/hm2 of B fertilizer application rate both in 2 soil polts. In the soil of 0.33mg/kg available boron content， the biomass of pods， seeds and shoots ， harvest index， seed yield and boron accumulation were increased with the increase of B fertilizer application， but the use efficiency of B fertilizer was on a downward trend. In the soil of 0.51mg/kg available boron content， the biomass of seed， harvest index and yield reached the highest at 9.0kg/hm2 of B fertilizer application rate. There was no negative effect on the growth of rape using the method of direct sowing of rapeseeds mixed with boron fertilizer. It is suggested that the amount of B fertilizer applied in Liuyang region is 9.0-13.5kg/hm2.

Key words：winter rapeseeds; boron fertilizer; seedling emergence rate; boron fertilizer use efficiency; yield

硼是作物生长必需的一种微量营养元素，生产过程中油菜对缺硼环境极为敏感[1-3]，当土壤中有效硼含量低于0.4 mg/kg，油菜就会出现缺硼症状，导致“花而不实”，影响籽粒的形成而减产[4-6]，但过量施硼不仅会增加生产成本，还会影响产量的建成[7]。在第二次全国土壤普查时，确定油菜施硼的土壤有效硼含量为0. 5 mg/kg[8]。有研究指出，在湖北省种植油菜时80%以上的田块都需要施用硼肥[9]，适量施用硼肥可以提高油菜单株有效分枝数、有效角果数、每角粒数和收获指数[10]。硼在一定程度上可以影响籽粒品质组分含量，对品质改善有一定的作用[11]，还能促进油菜生长发育和保障油菜产量。……