野生羊肚菌发生处生态环境及主要养分情况分析

李云霞　原佳敏　李青　韩鹏远　柴美清　张锁峰

摘要 为了明确野生羊肚菌的发生与土壤环境的关系，进而为羊肚菌的驯化栽培提供一定的参考依据，选择方山、良马两地野生羊肚菌发生处，测定并分析了两地的生态环境、土壤pH以及土壤养分含量。结果表明，方山、良马两地野生羊肚菌的生境相似，土壤均呈中性偏碱性，且菌下土和未菌土的pH无显著差异。同时，两地菌下土有机质含量和有效锌含量均显著高于未菌土，碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾也表现为菌下土高于未菌土，而有效锰、有效钙和有效镁在菌下土和未菌土间并无显著差异，有效铁和有效铜则因地域不同表现也不同。因此，在有机质和有效锌含量充足，碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量偏高的中性偏碱性土壤中适宜羊肚菌的生长。

关键词 羊肚菌;生态环境;土壤pH;土壤养分

中图分类号 S646.7 文献标识码 A

文章编号 0517-6611（2020）11-0044-02

Abstract In order to clarify the relationship between the occurrence of wild Morchella esculenta and the soil environment，and provide some reference for the domestication and cultivation of Morchella esculenta，this study selected the occurrence sites of wild Morchella esculenta in Fangshan and Liangma， and determined and analyzed the ecological environment， soil pH and soil nutrient content of the two places.The results showed that the habitats of wild Morchella esculenta in Fangshan and Liangma were similar， the soil pH was neutral and alkaline， and there was no significant differences between the soil under the fungus and the soil without fungus.At the same time， the organic matter content and available zinc content of soil under fungus were significantly higher than that of soil without fungus.Alkalihydrolyzed nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium also showed that soil under fungus was higher than that of soil without fungus，while available manganese， available calcium and available magnesium had no significant differences between soil under fungus and soil without fungus， effective iron and effective copper showed different performances in different regions.Therefore， it was suitable for the growth of Morchella esculenta in neutral alkaline soils with sufficient organic matter and available zinc， alkalihydrolyzed nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium.

Key words Morchella esculenta;Ecological environment;Soil pH;Soil nutrient

羊肚菌（Morchella esculenta）隶属于子囊菌亚门（Ascomycota），盘菌纲（Discomycetes），盘菌目（Pezizales），羊肚菌科（Morchellaceae），羊肚菌属（Morchella）[1]，又名羊肚蘑、羊肚菜等，是一種珍稀的食药兼用菌，由于其营养价值极高，一直备受国内外学者的青睐[2-3]。野生羊肚菌产量有限，再加上人们毁灭性、掠夺性的采挖，致使野生羊肚菌面临着逐年减少甚至灭绝的危险[4-5]。而对于羊肚菌的栽培驯化，国内外学者也进行了大量研究，虽然也有人工栽培成功的报道，但目前尚未形成成熟的商业化栽培技术，依然存在产量、质量不稳定等问题[6-7]。因此，对野生羊肚菌的生理、生态以及遗传学特性等方面进行深入研究显得尤为重要。……