过磷酸钙和鸡粪配施对沙地莲藕生长及品质的影响

谢旭东 王磊 刘金文 李忠锋 王文斌

摘要 為了探明黄淮地区沙地莲藕生产中磷肥和有机肥配施的模式。采用两因素裂区设计，研究4个莲藕品种在4个施肥水平下的农艺性状、产量、品质及表皮锈斑形成情况。结果表明，在4个供试莲藕品种中，其综合农艺性状和产量表现为B4>B3>B2>B1，B4在各施肥水平下表现最好;在4个施肥水平上，其综合农艺性状和产量表现为A4>A2>A3>A1，以A4处理表现最佳。方差分析结果表明，各施肥处理间、莲藕品种间及两因素区组间的交互作用差异均极显著。品质试验结果表明，施用过磷酸钙和鸡粪可明显提高莲藕中蛋白质、淀粉、维生素C和还原糖含量，且施用过磷酸钙效果较施用腐熟鸡粪效果好，而施用鸡粪对提高莲藕淀粉含量无显著影响;但对莲藕粗纤维含量影响不大;科学施用磷肥和鸡粪能有效降低莲藕根状茎的硝酸盐含量。锈斑试验结果表明，在4个供试莲藕品种中，其锈斑形成由重到轻依次为B3>B2>B1>B4，在4个施肥水平上，锈斑形成由重到轻依次为A1>A3>A4>A2。适宜在沙地种植的莲藕品种为B4，采用过磷酸钙750 kg/hm2和腐熟鸡粪30 000 kg/hm2作底肥，可明显促进莲藕生长、提高产量、改善品质、减少锈斑形成。

关键词 施肥;莲藕;农艺性状;品质;锈斑;Fe含量

中图分类号 S645.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2020）14-0156-04

doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.14.043

Abstract The study aimed to find out the utilization mode of phosphorus fertilizer and organic fertilizer in the production of lotus root in the Huanghuai area.Agronomic characters，yield， quality and skin rust spot formation of four lotus root cultivars under four fertilization levels were studied by means of two factor fracture zone design.Of the four test lotus root species，the comprehensive agronomic traits and yield were ranked as follows：B4>B3>B2>B1，B4 performed best at each fertilization level;at four fertilization levels， the comprehensive agronomic traits and yields were ranked as follows：A4>A2>A3>A1，which was best treated with A4，after analysis of variance， the interactions between the fertilization treatments，the lotus root varieties and the two-factor groups were extremely significant. The results of quality test showed that the application of superphosphate and chicken manure could significantly increase the content of protein，starch，vitamin C and reducing sugar in lotus root，and the effect of applying superphosphate was better than that of applying chicken manure，while the application of chicken manure increased lotus root.The starch content had no significant effect; however，it had little effect on the change of crude fiber content of lotus root，scientific application of phosphate fertilizer and chicken manure could effectively reduce the nitrate content of lotus root rhizome.The results of rust spot test showed that in the four tested lotus root cultivars，the formation of rust spots from heavy to light was B3>B2>B1>B4，at the four fertilization levels，the formation of rust spots from heavy to light was A1> A3>A4>A2.The lotus root cultivar suitable for planting in the sand was B4， using 750 kg/hm2 of superphosphate and 30 000 kg/hm2 of decomposed chicken manure as base fertilizer，which could obviously promote the growth of lotus root，increase yield，improve quality and reduce rust formation.

Key words Fertilization;Lotus root;Agronomic traits;Quality;Rust spots;Fe content

莲藕作为我国的一类传统水生蔬菜，在国际农产品贸易中享有声誉[1]。沙地节水莲藕栽培是黄淮地区莲藕种植的一项主推技术模式。近年来，受连作障碍、施用未腐熟的有机肥和氮磷钾肥不合理使用以及水层管理不科学等的影响，造成沙地莲藕表皮上出現有红色或红褐色铁锈样的锈斑。这些锈斑虽然用清水冲洗后手搓能够清除掉，但因沙地……