战争防御背景下的中原传统乡村防御聚落特性研究

葛毅鹏 冒亚龙 关杰灵 谢函笑

摘要：文章运用历史社会学、考古学和建筑学方法，基于战争与防御背景，从不同視角研究了中原地区军事化社会与乡村防御聚落的关系、乡村防御聚落的长期演变及其建构。研究结论包括：（1）中原乡村聚落堡寨化现象随战争周期性再现，防御性是凝固在中原聚落的地域性特征之一；（2）中原聚落防御体系在史前至封建末期的长时段里经历了从无到有，从简单到复杂，从单一到丰富的过程；（3）明清至民国的中原各类乡村防御聚落在防御思想和设施类型两方面相似，但因其社会背景、意识形态、修建动因、财力物力、人员素养的差异而呈现不同样态。

关键词：中原乡村聚落；聚落形态演变；防御聚落；战争与防御

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1009-1483.2020.06.011 中图分类号：TU982.29

文章编号：1009-1483（2020）06-0072-11 文献标识码：A

Study on the Characteristics of Rural Defense Settlements in the Central Plains under the Background of War Defense

GE Yipeng， MAO Yalong， GUAN Jieling， XIE Hanxiao

[Abstract] Using the methods of historical sociology， archaeology and architecture， based on the background of war and defense， this paper studies the relationship between the militarized society and the rural defense settlements in the Central Plains， the long-term evolution and construction of the rural defense settlement from different perspectives. The phenomenon of village fortress in the Central Plains reappears periodically with the war， and defensive is one of the regional characteristics solidified in the Central Plains. In the long period from prehistory to the end of feudalism， the Central Plains settlement defense system experienced a process from scratch， from simple to complex， from single to rich. It is found that all kinds of rural defense settlements in the Central Plains from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China are similar in defense ideas and facilities types， but they show different patterns due to their differences in social background， ideology， construction motivation， financial resources and material resources， and personnel quality.

[Keywords] the Central Plains rural settlement； settlement form evolution； defensive settlement； war and defense

引言

历史上中原所指范围随王朝版图和政治中心的变化而不同，但其核心地区为黄河中游地域。广义中原概念包含黄土高原、华北平原乃至华中平原，狭义中原则专指河南地区，本文之“中原”一词属于狭义范畴，特指河南。

丰富的资源、“天下之中”的地理位置、“战争枢纽地”[1]等几大因素成为历朝历代“中原逐鹿”“问鼎中原”之最强动因。东与西，南与北的战争几乎每次都发生或波及中原，中原乡村聚落在历次战前、战中、战后发生的变化之大，范围之广是非常罕见的。战争一定程度塑造了中原传统乡村聚落的防御特征和乡村聚落体系，洛阳市洛宁县马营川7个行政村、西山底川8个行政村、赵村原6个行政村全部有防御遗存即是明证。……