民族自治州教育脱贫改进路径分析

王娟 宋怡霏

摘 要：民族深度贫困区的教育扶贫是有效解决贫困恶性循环的重要方式。诊断当地教育贫困现状，探索对策是对中国教育脱贫攻坚战实施方案的有益补充。本文以四川凉山州为调研对象，首先对其教育支出、各级教育入学率、控辍保学、教师队伍建设等进行了实地考察。然后，结合当地经济、文化、地理环境情况，诊断出凉山州教育扶贫困境：教师配备不均衡;寄宿制学校寄宿率低，学生人均配置资源不足;教学结构发展不平衡;教师编制不足，质量不高，稳定性差。最后，针对凉山州教育扶贫的具体困境，提出政策建议：加大教育财政支出力度;拓宽教师补充渠道，提高教师待遇;促进职教招生改革，推进职业教育发展。

关键词：教育扶贫;凉山州;成效分析;问题诊断;改进路径

中图分类号：G459 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-7615（2020）04-0058-05

DOI：10.15958/j.cnki.jywhlt.2020.04.009

Abstract：It is an important way to solve the vicious cycle of poverty effectively by educational poverty alleviation in the deep poverty￣stricken areas of ethnic groups. The diagnosis of poverty in local education and the exploration of countermeasures are beneficial complements to the implementation of education poverty alleviation strategy in China. Taking Liangshan prefecture of Sichuan province as the research object， this paper investigates its current development from the perspectives of education expenditure， education enrollment rate at all levels， dropout control and school protection， and the construction of teaching staff. And then combined with the local economy， culture and geographical environment， the paper defines the poverty alleviation dilemma of education in Liangshan prefecture as follows： the uneven allocation of teachers， the low boarding rate in boarding school， insufficient per capita students allocation of resources， unbalanced development of teaching structure; and the insufficiency in the authorized strength， quality and stability of teachers. In the end， the paper proposes the following policy suggestions according to the specific difficulties in the education poverty alleviation in Liangshan prefecture： to increase the financial expenditure in education; to broaden the supplementary channels for teachers recruitment and increase the treatment of teachers; to enhance the reform of enrollment in vocational education so as to promote the reform of vocational education.

Key words：education poverty alleviation; Liangshan Prefecture; analysis of related results; diagnosis of problems; improving pathways

貧困一直是世界性的热门议题，中国历经三十多年的扶贫开发，减贫工作取得了令人瞩目的成绩，无论是贫困人口还是贫困发生率均有大幅下降国家统计局数据显示：农村贫困人口由1980年的2.2亿人降低到2019年末的551万人，贫困发生率由1980年的26.8%降为2019年末的0.6%。。但是，国家层面的深度贫困地区，由于特殊的生态环境、经济等原因，脱贫依旧困难重重。深度贫困的民族地区人口教育程度不高是贫困的因，亦是贫困的果，两者间的恶性循环机制不被打破，就很难从根本上解决贫困。相对于救济式的扶贫方式，教育扶贫更有助于阻断贫困的代际传播，提升扶贫的质量，同时兼顾教育与经济发展两个层面的需求[1]。……