多维视角下义务教育择校问题新探

张侃

摘 要：我国义务教育阶段择校现象的产生有着深刻的社会历史背景和制度根源。党和政府对义务教育阶段择校现象的治理历经三十余年，不仅没有化解，反而还产生了违背政策本意的“意外后果”，衍生出诸多乱象。这是因为义务教育择校有着广泛的社会需求和现实合理性。对义务教育择校现象进行多维视角的审视后发现，义务教育阶段的择校行为不仅是义务教育自身属性所决定的，也是社会各阶层普遍的现实需求和义务教育发展到现阶段的必然表现。因此，对义务教育阶段择校的治理在疏不在堵，需要通过更好地把握公平与效率的关系来处理好公立与私立的关系、公立内部均衡发展等问题，发挥好其有利的一面，遏制其不利的一面，以此推进义务教育的良性发展。

关键词：义务教育;择校;教育政策

中图分类号：G512.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-7615（2020）04-0086-07

DOI：10.15958/j.cnki.jywhlt.2020.04.014

Abstract：The emergence of school selecting in compulsory education stage has its profound social and historical background and institutional roots. The governance by the party and government of this phenomenon， for more than 30 years， has not only failed to resolve the problem but also produced “unexpected consequences” contrary to the original intention of the policy， resulting in a lot of chaos， due to the wide ranges of social needs and realistic rationality in the school selecting in compulsory education stage. After examining the phenomenon of school selecting in compulsory education stage from a multidimensional perspective， this paper finds that the behavior of school selecting in compulsory education stage is not only determined by the nature of compulsory education itself， but also the common realistic needs of all orders of society and the inevitable manifestation of the development of compulsory education till the present stage. Therefore， the governance to the school selecting in the compulsory education stage should be dredging instead of blocking. It is necessary to better grasp the relationship between fairness and efficiency to deal with the relationship between the public and the private， and the balanced development within the public and other issues， so as to give full play to its advantages and curb its disadvantages， and therefore， to promote the healthy development of compulsory education.

Key words：compulsory education; school selecting; education policy

一、現实的问题：难以禁绝的义务教育阶段择校现象  十八大以来，新时代下我国义务教育发展进一步从数量扩充向质量提升转变，从满足民众的基本受教育需求向满足民众的高层次、多样化教育需求转变，取得了巨大成就。2013年底，《关于全面改善贫困地区义务教育薄弱学校基本办学条件的意见》发布，到2016年，全国有77%的县级行政区划纳入“全面改薄”实施范围，覆盖学校达21.8万所，被誉为“我国义务教育学校建设史上中央财政投资最大的单项工程”。2015年11月，国务院下发《关于进一步完善城乡义务教育经费保障机制的通知》，提出“建立城乡统一、重在农村的义务教育经费保障机制”，实现义务教育相关教育经费可携带，为推进城乡统一的义务教育发展奠定了物质基础。……