?不同施肥模式对油菜—棉花轮作产量及土壤养分的影响?

汤春纯 余乾 文炯 陈鸽 朱坚

摘 要：为了确保洞庭湖区油菜和棉花的经济效益，持续改善和提高区域土壤肥力，通过2015—2019年连续5 a定位监测，研究了油菜—棉花轮作模式下不同施肥处理对油菜和棉花的产量及土壤肥力状况的影响，旨在为区域经济作物合理施肥和耕地土壤可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明：有机无机肥配施有利于提高油菜和棉花的产量，50%有机肥处理的油菜和棉花经济产量分别较纯化肥处理增加23.3%和24.3%;同时，有机无机肥配施有利于提高油菜—棉花模式的土壤养分水平，50%有机肥处理的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾分别较纯化肥处理增加42.1%、44.5%、5.7%和24.8%。

关键词：油菜—棉花轮作;施肥;产量;土壤肥力

中图分类号：S565.4文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-060X（2020）07-0036-05

Abstract： In order to ensure the economic profits of rapeseed and cotton production and improve soil nutrient conditions of rapeseed-cotton rotation pattern in the Dongting Lake area， the effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield and soil fertility under the rapeseed-cotton rotation mode were studied through a 5-year positioning monitoring from 2015 to 2019， aiming to provide a scientific basis for the rational fertilization of regional cash crops and the sustainable development of arable soil. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was beneficial to the yield increases of rapeseed and cotton. Typically， the effect of 50% organic fertilizer was the best， which increased the economic yield of rapeseed and cotton by 23.3% and 24.3%， respectively. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers also improved the soil nutrients under rapeseed-cotton rotation. Compared with chemical fertilizer， 50% organic fertilizer treatment increased soil organic matter， total nitrogen， available phosphorus， and available potassium by 42.1%， 44.5%， 5.7%， and 24.8%， respectively.

Key words： rapeseed-cotton rotation; fertilization; yield; soil fertility

土壤肥力是土壤質量的本质属性，是土壤质量核心的基础[1]，直接影响作物产量、品质以及农业生产的可持续性。不同施肥方式对土壤肥力影响显著，合理施肥不仅能够保证作物的经济产量，还能提高土壤肥力水平，确保土壤的可持续生产能力[2]。林诚等[3]研究表明，长期施肥，特别是长期采用有机无机肥配施可提高农田土壤有机质含量。而长期施用无机化肥，虽然能够在一定程度上保障作物产量，但长期施用会导致土壤板结、酸化，甚至出现肥力水平下降的情况，容易对耕地质量环境造成不可修复的负面影响[4-5]。油菜—棉花轮作是洞庭湖区的主要种植模式之一，因当地农民长期施肥不合理，区域内油菜和棉花的经济产量较其他区域低，耕地质量也呈现出不断下降的趋势。……