秸秆还田方式对土壤有机质积累与转化影响的研究进展

赵懿，杜建军，张振华，陈海斌，郭佳明，范如芹，李晓波

摘要：土壤有機质（Soil organic matter， SOM）是农田地力的基础，也是评估农田质量的首要参数，对作物产量提升和国家粮食安全都有重大意义。秸秆还田作为秸秆资源化利用的重要方式，在消纳秸秆废弃物和改善土壤板结等问题上具有巨大潜力，尤其是其对SOM提升的影响成为海内外研究的热门话题。目前，关于秸秆还田对SOM含量的影响已有大量报道，但对不同秸秆还田方式下SOM的提升效果缺乏总体概述。本文简要概述了秸秆直接还田、发酵还田、添加生物腐熟剂后还田和炭化还田4种应用较广泛的秸秆还田方式，综合评述其提高SOM含量的效果及优缺点，聚焦其对SOM含量的影响机制，并从秸秆还田的高效性、可持续性角度为今后进一步开展秸秆还田技术研究进行了展望，以期为优选秸秆还田方式、提升SOM含量提供理论参考。

关键词：秸秆还田;秸秆发酵还田;生物腐熟剂;秸秆炭化还田;土壤有机质

中图分类号：S154.2文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-4440（2021）06-1614-09

Research progress on the effects of straw returning on soil organic matter accumulation and transformation

ZHAO Yi1，DU Jian-jun1，ZHANG Zhen-hua2，CHEN Hai-bin1，GUO Jia-ming1，FAN Ru-qin1，LI Xiao-bo1

（1.College of Resources and Environment， Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering/Guangdong Engineering and Technology Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Agricultural Areas， Guangzhou 510225， China;2.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment， Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Nanjing 210014， China）

Abstract：Soil organic matter （SOM） is the foundation and core of soil fertility and the primary parameter for soil quality evaluation. Moreover， it is of great significance to the improvement of crop yield and national food security. As an important way of straw utilization， straw returning has great potential in consuming straw waste， improving soil consolidation and increasing SOM content. In particular， the effect of straw returning on SOM content has become one of the research hotspots. Although a large number of studies at home and abroad have reported the effects of straw returning on SOM content and its role in improving soil fertility， there is a lack of general review on the promotion effects of SOM under different returning methods. In this paper， four widely used straw returning methods including direct straw returning， fermentation returning， returning after adding biological decomposing agent and carbonization returning were summarized. This paper focused on the influence and mechanisms of straw returning on SOM content， and comprehensively reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of different returning methods. The further research on straw returning technology was prospected from the perspective of high efficiency and sustainability， so as to provide theoretical reference for optimizing straw returning methods and increasing SOM content.

Key words：straw returning;fermentation returning;biological decomposing agent;carbonization returning;soil organic matter

中国农作物废弃资源产量巨大[1]，2014-2018年，中国秸秆年均产量高达6.538 7×108 t，其中谷类、麦类和玉米秸秆产量分别占32.3%、22.7%和45.0%[2]。随着社会经济的发展和农民生活的改变，秸秆利用方法与途径也产生了巨大变革[3]，如用作发电的原料[4]、生产乙醇[5]、制造沼气、用作饲料等[6]，但是秸秆利用有限、利用不合理等问题依然严峻，且随意丢弃、堆放、焚烧等现象普遍存在[7]。大量研究发现，秸秆还田可有效降低土体容重、改善土壤板结情况、增加土体总孔隙度，而且有助于提升土壤有机质（Soil organic matter， SOM）含量与肥力[8]。……