湿地环境中微塑料分布及检测方法研究进展

翟俊　晏记侠　饶逸飞　杨通

摘 要：微塑料是一种难降解的新兴污染物，广泛分布于海洋、淡水、土壤及湿地系统。湿地是生态环境的重要组成部分，拥有丰富的动物、植物和微生物资源，在维持生物多样性方面发挥着重要作用，微塑料的存在可能对湿地物种多样性构成威胁。通过介绍微塑料在湿地系统中的分布特征及存在形式，分析了微塑料对湿地系统动物、植物及微生物的毒理学影响，在综合前期研究的基础上，总结了湿地环境水体、沉积物及生物体中微塑料的分析检测方法，提出针对湿地环境不同组成部分微塑料的检测方法，并对湿地系统中微塑料未来研究的重点进行展望。通过对湿地环境中微塑料分布及生态毒理学的影响进行分析，可为明晰湿地环境中微塑料现状提供理论依据，并为今后湿地环境中微塑料研究提供新的思路。

关键词：湿地系统;微塑料;分布特征;检测方法

中图分类号：X502   文献标志码：R   文章编号：2096-6717（2021）02-0158-10

Abstract： Microplastics are a new type of pollutants that are difficult to degrade and are widely distributed in the ocean， fresh water， soil and wetland systems. Wetlands are an important part of the ecological environment. They are rich in animal， plant and microbial resources and play an important role in maintaining biodiversity. Therefore， the presence of microplastics may pose a threat to the diversity of wetland species. This article introduces the distribution characteristics and existing forms of microplastics in the wetland system， analyzes the toxicological effects of microplastics on the animals， plants and microorganisms of the wetland system. On the basis of previous research， it summarizes the analysis and detection method of microplastics in the wetland environmental water bodies， sediments and organisms， the detection process of microplastics in different components of the wetland environment is proposed， and the future research focus of microplastics in wetland systems is prospected. By analyzing the distribution of microplastics in the wetland and the impact of ecotoxicology， it can provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the status of microplastics in the wetland environment and provide new ideas for future research on microplastics in the wetland environment.

Keywords：wetlands; microplastic;distribution characteristics; detection methods

“微塑料”一词2004年首次被用于描述海洋沉积物中尺寸小于5 mm的塑料碎片/颗粒[1-2]。目前，学术界对微塑料尺寸下限的界定仍未达成一致[2-3]。Van Cauwenberghe等[3]建议微塑料尺寸下限为20 μm，Gigault等[4]定义了微塑料的尺寸下限为1 μm，然而实际研究中由于检测技术的局限，通常使用的尺寸下限为330 μm或500 μm[2-4]，未来随着检测技术的进步，实际研究中可检测到的微塑料尺寸可能会低至1～20 μm。微塑料粒径小，易被鱼类、浮游动物等生物摄食，进而影响其生理活动[3-4];同时……