珠海外伶仃人工鱼礁对鱼类资源养护效果初步评估

冯雪 范江涛 孙晓 洪洁漳 陈丕茂

摘要：【目的】探索珠海外伶仃人工魚礁海域鱼类资源增殖效果及礁区生境动态变化，为人工鱼礁的合理建设和规划提供科学依据。【方法】分别于2006年8月及2009年8月、2016年5月，采用拖网调查方式对珠海外伶仃人工鱼礁区附近海域进行本底和跟踪调查，分析游泳生物种类组成、鱼类资源密度和丰度变化，确定优势种和群落特征指数，并通过礁区和对比区生态能质变动趋势分析礁区生态效应和结构稳定性。【结果】调查共采集游泳生物71种，经鉴定隶属于8目34科46属，其中鱼类36种，占50.70%;甲壳类32种，占45.07%;软体类3种，占4.23%。礁区鱼类占比从39.13%提高到63.89%。珠海外伶仃人工鱼礁区附近海域鱼类资源密度和丰度在投礁后明显增加，礁体的投放吸引了中下层鱼类聚集。根据优势种分析结果可知，中下层鱼类为人工鱼礁区附近海域主要优势类群。短吻鲾和二长棘鲷等鱼类成为礁区及其临近海域的绝对优势种类，本底调查中的优势种如黄斑蓝子鱼等大鳞舌鳎等优势度降低。群落特征指数T检验结果表明，礁区与对比区丰富度指数为极显著差异（P<0.01）;礁区生态能质值显著高于对比区（P<0.05）。【结论】人工鱼礁区建设对有效影响范围内鱼类资源恢复具有明显促进作用，以人工鱼礁为基础、资源修复为关键的海洋牧场建设，是未来发展的趋势和重点方向。

关键词： 人工鱼礁;群落结构;生态能质;珠海外伶仃

中图分类号： S932.4                          文献标志码： A 文章编号：2095-1191（2021）12-3228-09

The stock enhancement effect evaluation of artificial reef in Wailingding， Zhuhai

FENG Xue1，2， FAN Jiang-tao1，2， SUN Xiao3， HONG Jie-zhang4， CHEN Pi-mao2*

（1College of Marine Sciences， Shanghai Ocean University， Shanghai  201306， China; 2South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute， Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Key Laboratory of Marine Ranching， Ministry of

Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery

Resources and Environments， Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Marine Ranching

Technology，Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of

Marine Recreational Fishery， Guangzhou  510300，China; 3Jinan Zoo， Jinan  250031， China;

4Guangdong Land Surveying and Planning Institute，Guangzhou  510075， China）

Abstract：【Objective】In order to provide scientific evidence for the rconstruction and planning of artificial reefs，it explored the fish stock enhancement effect of artificial reef and the dynamic change of habitat in Wailingding， Zhuhai.【Method】In August 2006，August 2009，and May 2016，trawl survey was used to conduct baseline and tracking surveys in the waters near the Wailingding artificial reef area，Zhuhai. Analyzed the changes of species composition，resource density and abundance changes of fish，determined dominant species and community characteristic indexes，and analyzed the ecological effects and structural stability of the reef area through the change of eco-exergy. 【Result】The results showed that a total of 71 species were collected，which were identified as belonging to 8 orders，34 families and 46 genera， of which 36 species of fish accounted for 50.70%，32 species of crustaceans accounted for 45.07%，and 3 species of mollusca accoun-ted for 4.23%. The proportion of fish in the artificial reef area increased from 39.13% to 63.89%. The density and abundance of fish resources in the waters near the Wailingding artificial reef area increased after the reef was released，and the release of the reef has attracted the accumulation of middle and lower fish. The results of dominant species showed that fishes were the main dominant species in this area. Leiognathus brevirostris and Parargyrops edita were the dominant species in the artificial area and its adjacent waters， while the dominant species in the background survey， such as Siganus oramin and Cynoglossus macrolepidotus were less dominant. T test of community characteristic index showed that the richness index was highly significantly different between artificial reef area and control area（P<0.01）， and the eco-exergy of artificial reef area was significantly higher than control area（P<0.05）. 【Conclusion】The construction of artificial reef area can greatly promote the recovery of fish resources within the effective influence area. The construction of marine pasture based on artificial reef and the key of resource restoration is the trend and key direction of future development.

Key words： artificial reef; community structure; eco-exergy; Wailingding，Zhuhai

Foundation item： Key Area Research and Development Project of Guangdong（2020B1111030002）; Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences（2020TD06）

0 引言

【研究意义】珠江口及其邻近海域渔业资源丰富，是多种生物的产卵场、索饵场和洄游通道，也是多种濒危珍稀水生生物的栖息地。长期的过度捕捞致使近海渔业资源日益枯竭，海洋生物栖息地退化，生态荒漠化趋势日益严重。……