不同基肥对浙贝母根际土壤养分及其入药品质的影响

陈群辉 柯燕萍 魏祖晨 赵顺鑫 周浓 杜慧慧 刘正学

摘要：【目的】研究不同基肥对浙贝母根际土壤养分和入药品质的影响，为浙贝母规范化施肥和品质提升提供科学依据。【方法】以重庆万州浙贝母为试验材料，分别施用有机肥（S1）、复方无机肥（S2）和有机无机复混肥（S3）3种不同基肥，以不施基肥为对照（CK），测定不同处理的浙贝母土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及浙贝母鳞茎的生物碱、核苷和氨基酸含量，分析3种基肥对浙贝母根际土壤养分和入药品质的影响。【结果】与CK相比，3种施肥处理均可不同程度提高浙贝母根际土壤養分含量和土壤酶活性（多酚氧化酶除外），其中S3处理的土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量分别较CK显著提高82.21%、28.01%、69.10%、829.41%、120.97%、175.89%和22.82%（P<0.05，下同），蛋白酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性分别较CK提高186.4%、20.98%、42.87%、31.41%、25.37%和44.59%;各施肥处理的土壤 pH均较CK下降，土壤有不同程度的酸化趋势，多酚氧化酶活性均低于CK。浙贝母鳞茎中贝母辛、贝母素甲、贝母素乙含量均显著提高，与CK相比分别提高66.67%、162.16%和47.64%。相关分析结果表明，贝母素甲、贝母素乙和贝母辛3种品质指标均与土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、全氮、全磷和全钾含量存在显著或极显著（P<0.01，下同）正相关，而与多酚氧化酶和土壤pH存在极显著负相关。【结论】与单施有机肥或单施含微量元素的复方无机肥相比，有机无机复混肥能显著增加浙贝母的根际土壤养分和入药品质。

关键词： 浙贝母;基肥;土壤养分;入药品质

中图分类号： S567.231                       文献标志码： A 文章编号：2095-1191（2021）12-3358-08

Effects of soil nutrients content in rhizosphere and medicinal quality of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. with different

basal fertilizers

CHEN Qun-hui1， KE Yan-ping2， WEI Zu-chen1， ZHAO Shun-xin1，

ZHOU Nong1， DU Hui-hui1*， LIU Zheng-xue1*

（1College of Food and Biological Engineering，Chongqing Three Gorges University/The Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Green Cultivation and Deep Processing of the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas Medicinal Herbs，

Chongqing  404120， China; 2Chongqing Preschool Education College， Chongqing  404047， China）

Abstract：【Objective】The objective of the paper was to study the effects of soil nutrients content in rhizosphere and medicinal quality of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. with different basal fertilizers，and to provide scientific basis for standar-dized fertilization and quality improvement of F. thunbergii. 【Method】Using F. thunbergii from Wanzhou District of Chongqing as the experimental material，three different basal fertilizers were applied， namely organic fertilizer （S1）， compound inorganic fertilizer （S2） and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer （S3）， respectively. With no basal fertilizer as the control （CK）， the effects of different treatments on soil nutrients content in rhizosphere and medicinal quality of F. thunbergii were analyzed by measuring soil physical and chemical properties，soil enzyme activity，alkaloid content，nucleo-side content and amino acid content in bulbs. 【Result】Compared with CK，the three basal fertilizers increased soil nu-trient content，soil enzyme activity （except polyphenol oxidase） in the rhizosphere of F. thunbergii in different degrees. Among them， the total nitrogen， total phosphorus， total potassium， available nitrogen， available phosphorus， available potassium and organic matter content of the soil treated with S3 were significantly increased by 82.21%， 28.01%， 69.10%， 829.41%， 120.97%， 175.89% and 22.82% compared with CK， respectively（P<0.05， the same below）. Compared with CK， the activities of protease， urease， neutral phosphatase， alkaline phosphatase， catalase and sucrase were increased by 186.4%， 20.98%， 42.87%， 31.41%， 25.37% and 44.59%， respectively. The soil pH of each fertilization treatment was lower than that of CK， and the soil had a different degree of acidification tendency， and the activity of polyphenol oxidase was lower than that of CK. In addition， the contents of peimisine， peimine， peiminine in the bulbs of F. vulgaris were significantly increased， which increased by 66.67%， 162.16% and 47.64% respectively compared with CK.Correlation analysis results showed that there were significant or extremely significant （P<0.01， the same below） positive correlations between the three quality indexes of peimine， peiminine，  peimisine and the contents of soil sucrase， catalase， acid phosphatase， neutral phosphatase， alkaline phosphatase， total nitrogen， total phosphorus and total potassium. But there was extremely significant negative correlation with polyphenol oxidase and soil pH. 【Conclusion】In conclusion，compared with single organic fertilizer or single compound organic fertilizer containing trace elements， the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer can significantly increase soil nutrients，medicinal quality of F. thunbergii.

Key words： Fritillaria thunbergia Miq.; basal fertilizer; soil nutrient; medicinal quality

Foundation item：Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Demonstration Project（cstc2018jscx-msybX 0367）;Chongqing Three Gorges University Talent Introduction Project（No.20RC-12）; Three Gorges Reservoir Area Sustainable Development Research Center Open Fund Project（2020sxxyjd05）

0 引言

【研究意义】浙贝母（Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.）作为化痰镇咳的重要药材，是众多药企的主要生产原材料，其年用量为23万～24万kg（何琛晔等，2018）。由于长年过度采挖导致野生资源匮乏，市场上的浙贝母多为人工栽培（汪少华和乔家法，2014）。浙贝母的种植需肥量较大，常选择肥沃土壤且播种前需施用基肥（张兰胜等，2020），土壤肥力对其产量和药材品质有重要影响。因此，研究不同施肥处理对浙贝母产量和品质形成的影響，可为浙贝母种植中的科学施肥及实现浙贝母经济、优质、丰产栽培提供理论依据。【前人研究进展】土壤肥力和药材品质是浙贝母人工栽培中亟待解决的问题（江建铭等，2019）。……