徐雅雯
随着全球化对地方文化、身份认同的冲击日益严重化,遗产研究者开始呼吁“重新审视现代性(re-evaluation of modernity)”(1)Laurajane Smith, Uses of Heritage (New York: Routledge, 2006), 54.,尤其是自上世纪90年代以来,随着非西方国家、学者和从业者在国际遗产领域的话语权不断增加(2)Smith,Uses of Heritage,55. Laurajane Smith and Natsuko Akagawa, Intangible Heritage (Chichester: Taylor and Francis, 2008), 1.,全球掀起了非物质文化遗产(后简称“非遗”)讨论热潮(3)Smith and Akagawa, Intangible Heritage. Natsuko Akagawa and Laurajane Smith, Safeguarding Intangible Heritage: Practices and Politics (London: Routledge, 2018).。关于复兴本土文化、身份认同和民俗传统的呼吁也席卷了亚洲国家,如中国(4)Hilary Du Cros and Yok-shiu F.Lee, Cultural Heritage Management in China Preserving the Cities of the Pearl River Delta (New York: Routledge, 2007). Douglas C.Comer, Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra- Driver to Development or Destruction? (New York: Springer, 2012). Marzia Varutti, “Crafting Heritage: Artisans and the Making of Indigenous Heritage in Contemporary Taiwan,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 21(2015), accessed June 14, 2020, doi:10.1080/13527258.2015.1050055.、日本(5)Dawson Munjeri, “Following the Length and Breadth of the Roots-Some Dimensions of Intangible Heritage,” In Laurajane Smith and Natsuko Akagawa edited Intangible Heritage (Chichester: Taylor and Francis, 2008), 147.和越南(6)Huong T.Bui and Timothy J.Lee, “Commodification and Politicization of Heritage: Implications for Heritage Tourism at the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long, Hanoi (Vietnam),” Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies 8(2015), accessed June 3, 2020, doi: 10.14764/10.ASEAS-2015.2-5.,这体现在越来越多非遗相关的法律、政策出台和政府部门成立。非遗在经济、政治、社会和文化方面具有巨大的开发和保护价值,这促使各级、各类利益相关者将非遗事业纳入其发展计划。尤其是随着非遗成为国家在文化外交中“软实力”的重要组成部分(7)Bui and Lee, “Commodification and Politicization of Heritage,” 191.,各国政府将非遗事业放在公共事业管理议程的重要位置。
Gregory Ashworth在探讨“过去”与“现在”之间的关系时,提出了管理“建筑环境”(built environment)的三大思路:“保存” (Preservation)“保护” (Conservation)“遗产化”(Heritage)。(8)Gregory Ashworth, “Preservation, Conservation and Heritage: Approaches to the Past in the Present through the Built Environment,” Asian Anthropology 10(2011), accessed July 22, 2020, doi: 10.1080/1683478X.2011.10552601.Ashworth提到的建筑环境,即历史建筑群、建筑遗迹,正是文化遗产的核心组成部分。本文在其三大思路的基础上,聚焦文化遗产管理,进一步梳理出文化遗产管理范式演进的路径,呈现出非遗是如何从文化遗产中“分离”出来成为当今最受关注的国际议题之一,并分析非遗研究的兴起,其背后的原因及意义。随后,本文通过介绍国际文化遗产研究的新范式即批判性遗产研究(critical heritage studies(9)关于“critical heritage studies”,也有“思辨遗产研究”这一翻译版本。本文则倾向于翻译为“批判性遗产研究”,因为这一研究范式不仅具备“思辨”性,更具有“敢于揭示、评判某些遗产实践的负面影响和问题”的特点,翻译为“批判性”更能体现本研究范式的特性。……