深圳中考题型“短文填空”解题策略研究

廖冬梅

摘  要：众所周知，为了更好地和高考英语接轨，2021年深圳新中考英语75分的笔试部分新增两道“六选五”新题型。其中一道题就是本文将要探讨的“短文填空”。对于深圳的考生，这是一道新题型，但是这样的题型其实很早在其他省市中考英语中就已经出现。因此，本文就将利用2021年深圳中考英语真题以及往年其他省市的真题，带领读者一起探讨该题型的解题策略。笔者根据自己的一线教学经验，将该提醒的解题策略总结为“四步三线索”解题法。

关键词：短文填空;四步三线索法;SSCC

一、题型解读

“短文填空”题型是在一篇短文中设置5个空白，空出的都是句子，空白的位置在整篇文章中都有，旨在考查学生整体把握文章的逻辑结构，理解句子之间、段落之间关系，并从所给的六个选项句子中选择五个句子还原到原文使原文意思完整、连贯。此外，从往年的真题来看，所给六个选项句子大致可以分为主旨句子，过渡性句子，或者注释性句子。

二、解题步骤

某种程度上，短文填空和完型填空有相似之处。完型填空考查的选词，而短文填空考查选句。因此“瞻前顾后”的原则在短文填空中同样适用。基于此，我将短文填空的解题步骤概括如下：

Step1：Skim the passage to get the main idea.

Step2：Skim the choices to notice the key vocabulary.

Step3：Choose the right answers with three types of clues.

Step4：Check your answers to make sure all are right.

為了便于记忆，我把这四步解题法称为“SSCC”法。我将以2021年深圳中考真题为例具体讲解。但是在分析之前我们必须先大概知晓三类线索，即结构线索、关键词线索和逻辑线索。具体线索的分类和识别我在后面的章节详细讲解。

2021年深圳中考真题：

If you have planned a trip during summer holiday，certainly you will want to share some photos

on WeChat. 26.________Don't worry！ Here are some tips you can follow to take wonderful photos.

Turn back and smile.

While on the road，the moment you turn back with a smile is the most impressive. Just walk away

from the camera and do a turn-back for the most natural effect. You can also pretend to hear your

name called，turn back，and run your fingers through long hair. 27.___________

Look away from the camera.

There are many ways for you to avoid looking at the camera. 28. ____________Looking down into the distance or looking out of the window is a good option. If there is nothing to see，you can

also choose to close your eyes and enjoy this moment of quietness.

29.__________

Are you a little shy when facing the camera？ Taking a back view photo is a good choice，which

can leave room for imagination and bring a different feeling as well.

Take a seat.

30.__________If there are good places to sit down，please do it！ You can pose in a variety of positions with your arms and legs.

Taking the perfect photo takes time and practice. If you follow these simple tricks above，your

photos will start coming out beautifully！ Do not hesitate to go out with your friends and take more

photos.

A. Take a back view photo.

B. Not every photo needs to have you stand.

C. This is a fantastic way to increase your beauty.

D. But what if the photos are not as pretty as you expected？

E. But how do you choose and share your photographs properly？

F. For example，you can look into the sky and let the camera catch your side face.

【解析】

Step1：Skim the passage to get the main idea.

通读全文获取文章主要大意，通读时要特别注意首段和每段的首句，一般文章的首段或者首句就交代了文章的大概背景。通过通读我们大概知道该篇文章就是一篇关于度假时如何拍出美照的四点贴士。且是给出了小标题式的说明文，此类说明文较为简单，结构清晰。大都是总分总结构。该篇文章也正是如此。

Step2：Skim the choices to notice the key vocabulary.

浏览选项并注意关键词汇。比如六个选项中有A选项是祈使句，而该篇文章的小标题都是祈使句，从这一点，我们初步就可以得到29题的答案是A。B选项关键词是stand，在做题时我们可以重点关注。C选项关键词是this 代词一定是指代上文提到的信息。DE两个选项都是but开头的转折句子，一般情况下，这其中应该有一个是干扰选项。F选项的for example非常重要，我们需要根据其后面的例子得知它是为了证明哪个观点。特别提醒，我们需要在每一个步骤中用彩笔划出一些关键的信息。

Step3：Choose the right answers with three types of clues.

有了以上两步的准备，第三步，根据结构线索我们优选确定29题选择A，小标题。26题，根据下文的逻辑应该是关于拍照，且Dont worry 得知，前文应该是一个不好的事情，我们确定应该选择D。27题设空在段尾。一般段尾是对其前文的总结或者引出下文。但是该文章的结构告诉我们是总结前文。而前文讲了2种如何回头拍照的动作，因此缺一个总结该段的句子。故我们选择C。28题，通过举例我们很轻松得知F。而且后面2个短语look的短语也给了我们暗示。30题，出现在段首，如果没有小标题的段首我们会考虑是总起句子。但是该段已经有了小标题了，应该就不是总起句，且小标题告诉我们该段主要讲怎么做坐姿。Sit down / take a seat 的反义词就是stand，因此通过关键词线索我们不难选出B选项。

Step4：Check your answers to make sure all are right.

最后一步仍旧重要，代入答案檢查确保万无一失。

以上就是“SSCC”法的解题步骤，虽然只是自己的一线教学经验的总结，还不够完善，但是在自己教学中的确给学生很多帮助。

三、三大线索

短文填空”题虽然是考查学生对语篇的整理理解能力和对文章结构、段与段、句与句之间关系的分析能力，是属于更高层面的要求，但是短文填空做题却是“有迹可循”的。找到了“痕迹”就你能“顺藤摸瓜”找到出路。这里的“痕迹”其实就是笔者下面要讲的“线索”。通过分析历年的真题，我将短文填空的解题线索分为三大类，即结构线索、关键词线索和逻辑线索。下面我们就分别利用真题讲解。需要说明的是，学生在解题时不能一味独立分割地使用某种线索，而是需要综合运用。

1. 结构线索（Structure Clues）：这里的“结构”包括文章的结构和题目设空的位置两个方面。例如，在第二板块里的2021年深圳英语中考真题，在第一步通读时读者就很容易获悉该文章的结构是总分总小标题式的说明文。关注文章的结构，有助于我们更好理解文章的框架。另外，题目设置位置分为段首、段中、段尾。不同的位置也能给读者不一样的线索。

例如，2021年深圳中考英语的29题，该题设空在段首就显而易见是选一个小标题。

我们再来看一个例子。以下节选湖北襄阳2018年中考题：

Some of you might often feel unhappy or forget how great you are. But do you want to make you feel good about yourself？ 66._____

Look at the mirror and say to yourself，I am a special person and there's no one in the world like me. I can do anything. It may not sound good，but it really works！

Smile. 67.______Look for the good things in your friends and family.

......

A.Learn something new.

B. Read and start a diary.

C. Ask your friends for help.

D. Be friendly to people you meet.

E. Here some suggestions for you.

F. Talk with your mum or dad or maybe even your cousin.

该真题66题设空在段尾，段尾设空一般是考查对上文的总结。但是如果在第一段的段尾，很有可能是引出下文，起到承上启下的作用。因此，该题很容易得出答案E。

需要提醒的是即便在第一段的段尾设空也不一定全部引出下文也有可能是承接上文，如下面2020年黄冈中考英语的41题，我们就该选C承接上文。

2.关键词线索（Key words Clues）：这里的关键词可以是：复现的词、同义词、近义词甚至是反义词。当然也可以是相似的句型。

请看节选2020年黄冈中考真题：

What is health？ "Health" means eating well，getting enough exercise，and having a healthy weight. Let's read the following rules. ___41___

1. Eat different kinds of foods，especially fruit and vegetables. We all know that eating fruit and vegetables can help us stay healthy……

2. Drink water and milk more often. Besides water，kids need plenty of calcium（钙）to grow strong bones（骨头），and milk is rich in it. Every day，you should drink at least three cups of milk when you are 9 years old or older. You should also try to have less sugary drinks. ___42___

3. Listen to your body. When you are eating，notice how your body feels. ___43___ Eating too much makes you feel uncomfortable. …

4. Limit（限制）screen time. What's screen time？ It's the time you spend watching TV，movies and playing computer games. The more time you spend on these siting-down activities，___44___Try to spend more time on sports every day.

A. They include a lot of sugar.   B. the less food you will eat.

C. They can help you keep healthy.   D. but many of us only eat our favourite food.

E. the less time you spend playing sports. F. When your stomach feels full，stop eating.

这3道题就是通过关键词就很容易找到答案。42题中的sugary 和A选项中的include a lot of sugar 是近义词。43题所处的段落eating 复现了2次，而选项F在正好也有eating，因此可以断定是相关的。44题中前半句the more time….. 和E选项中的the less time 是反义词短语。

3.逻辑关系线索（Logical relation Clues）：逻辑线索需要在理解语篇的基础上，利用一些表示逻辑的词，比如but，because，for example 等词来解题。

请看以下节选湖北襄阳2020年中考题：

Here are some good suggestions for you to learn English well.

__41____ Even if there is no one around to speak to，talk to yourself. Name things as you pass them. This simple language learning skill will help you understand these everyday words.

.......

A. Explain to them you are practicing it.

B. B.They will give you lots of learning skills.

C.You can speak Chinese with your friends.

D. Listen to English songs when you are free.

E. The best way to get better at English is to speak it.

F. Never let the fear of making any mistakes hold you back.

我們从下文的Even if让步关系的引导词以及复现词speak/近义词way很容易选出E.

以上“四步三线索法”只是笔者做了大量的中考真题并结合所执教初三班级的特点总结而出，具有局限性，希望得到更多一线英语教学教师的指正。

参考文献：

[1]杰米里.哈默. 朗文英语教学实践[M]. 北京：人民邮电出版社，2011

[2]程校堂，刘兆义.初中英语[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008