落纸如漆 万载存真
——多元并进的国墨技艺

文/五花肉

制墨工艺

solid ink technology

墨模

ink mould

墨谱

ink genealogy

其墨取店山之松烟，代郡之鹿胶，十年以上强如石者为之。

——晋·卫夫人《笔阵图》

The ink is made from pine carbon of Dianshan and deer glue of Daijun;and it takes 10 years to forge a high quality ink.

——Wei Furen(Jin Dynasty.Bi Zhen Tu)

迩来墨工以水槽盛水，中列粗碗，燃以桐油，上复覆以一碗，专人扫煤，和以牛胶，揉成之。其法最快便，谓之油烟。

——宋·赵彦卫《云麓漫钞》

The workers use a tank to store the water;put a bowl in the tank;cover the bowl with another bowl;and boil tung oil under the tank.Then workers sweep the carbon into the bowl and mix it with cow glue.Eventually,the solid ink is made which is called lampblack ink.

——Zhao Yanwei(Song Dynasty.Yun Lu Man Chao)

所谓墨者，黝如漆，轻如云，清如水，浑如岚。香如婕妤之体，不五蕴而馨，光如玄妻之发，不膏沐而鉴。

——明·方瑞生《墨海》

A high quality solid ink is black like dark paint;light like cloud;clear like water;refined like haze;fragrant like beauty and bright like smooth hair.

——Fang Ruisheng（Ink Collection）

上古以竹挺点而漆书，中古以墨石磨石以书，至魏晋始有墨丸……走过从天然到人造，从无形制到有形制，从制墨到赏墨的漫长历程，中国传统制墨业基于几千年工艺创新与演进，持续丰富

了中华墨文化的技术与人文内涵。

In ancient times,people wrote with dip in paint and in middle age people ground the ink stone to write.The solid ink was invented in the era of Wei and Jin dynasties.From naturalto artificialmaterial;from non-series to series and from manufacturing to appreciation,Chinese solid ink industry has experienced technical improvement of thousands of years and has enhanced ink technology and humanities connotation.

事实上，早在两汉、魏晋时代，中国传统制墨最具特色的成形、模制、加药三大主要工艺便已初步形成，并奠定了制造工艺的基本体系框架——固体墨块便利墨汁保存，墨模工艺让墨符合形制标准、益于批量生产，加药则使墨兼具书写与药用功能。

In fact,in the era of Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties;and Wei and Jin dynasties,the techniques of

明方于鲁金刚法轮五色墨shaping;molding and medicating were invented,which formed basic technical framework.Solid ink facilitated storage;mould enabled ink to meet the standards and to achieve mass production;and medicating enabled solid ink to have functions of writing and medication.

到了唐宋时期，松烟制墨工艺走向成熟。这一时期萌发了专业管理和品牌意识——为了保障供给，朝廷专设制墨机构。精雕细刻的墨模，记载墨工姓名、墨工所在制墨机构及产品质量特征；注重原料质量和工艺创新——强调烟品分级、选用细烟制墨，明确烧烟选材标准，出现对胶法、再和墨、四和墨等多种工艺。随着可用松林的日渐匮乏，人们又以可再生桐子榨油，发展出油烟制墨工艺，使制墨工艺得以永久延续。

In the era of Tang and Song Dynasties,techniques of pine carbon ink was developed.At that time management of production and brand emerged.The imperatorial government established devoted department to ensure the supply of ink.The names of producers and institutions;and product attributes were carved on the solid ink.The material quality and technical innovation were highly emphasized.The standards for carbon classification and selection were developed.The gluing and mixing techniques were invented.With the exhaustion of pine resource,tung oil was the substitute for pin carbon.Techniques of lampblack ink were developed,which enabled solid ink to be spread down.

传统制墨业真正的顶峰出现在明清时期，当时人们不但注重墨质精良更追求墨式新奇。在风起云涌的墨品艺术化浪潮中，涌现出《程氏墨苑》、《方氏墨谱》、《墨海》等三大墨谱代表作，收录千余幅精美图谱、提出好墨鉴赏标准。墨就此完成了从实用到艺术观赏的伟大跃进……

The traditional techniques of Chinese solid ink remarkably developed in Ming and Qing Dynasties.At that time,the quality and novel shape solid ink were highly valued."Chens'Ink Genealogy";"Fangs'Ink Genealogy"and"Ink Collection"were the magnum works of ink genealogy,which were the ink genealogy with a collection of a thousand pictures and were the standards for ink appreciation.As a result,Chinese solid ink went beyond the practical value and boasted article appreciation value.

如今，随着中国传统制墨工艺入选“世界非物质文化遗产”保护名单，越来越多人爱上了墨文化，渴望了解墨的历史与人文，墨将伴随中华书画艺术的发展复兴，迈向现代文明的新时代。

Nowadays,Chinese solid ink has been chosen in the list of the World Intangible Cultural Heritage.More and more people get to be engrossed in ink culture and desire to learn the history and culture of Chinese solid ink.Along with the renaissance of Chinese calligraphy and painting art,Chinese solid ink will enter a new epoch in modern civilization.