篮球标准进化史

文/五花肉

篮球标准进化史

文/五花肉

篮球竞技标准的变化，很大程度上决定了篮球运动的发展趋势。它的演变，始终有一个基点，即标准的修改总是与篮球运动水平保持着最密切的关系。当篮球运动水平提高，旧的标准不能适应比赛，就必须做出改变。

The change of athletic standards in basketball largely affects the basketball's development trend. Its development always has a basis point, namely standards modifications always keep the closest relationship with the basketball level. As the level of basketball rises, the old standards are not suitable to the game, so it must make changes.

空间标准：距离

Space Standard： Distance

曾几何时，篮球运动是巨人的天下，但是 20世纪 80 年代后，比赛场地的扩大和远投三分的确立，为矮个队员发挥快、灵、准的优势创造了条件。Basketball used to be dominated by the "giant". After 1980s, the expansion of playing court and the setting of three point line have created the conditions for short players to take their advantages, which are fast, flexible and accurate.

2010年国际篮联修订了三分线的标准：以篮圈中心为圆点、以6.75m（量到圆弧外沿）为半径画一圆弧，与距边线0.90m的两条竖线相交形成三分线（比之前的三分线外扩0.5 m）。

In 2010, FIBA revised the standard on three point line. According to the FIBA's rule, the three-point line is 6.75 m away from the basket on the arc, and across with two straight lines both 0.90m away from the sidelines.

越来越多的矮个队员，利用扩大的外围场地或远投或快速突破切入，彻底打破之前一味篮下得分的比赛模式，使得比赛更具观赏性。

More and more short players use the expansion of perimeter to make long-distance shot or fast break, which thoroughly changes the competition format of single scoring under basket and makes the game become more worth-watching.

时间标准：速度

Time Standard： Speed

1936年，男子篮球被正式列为奥运会项目，美国队获得冠军，但当时美国队与第二名加拿大队的比分仅仅为 18：：8，与第三名墨西哥的比分为25：：10，这样低效率的比赛自然让人乏味。Men's basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics. The United States beat Canada to win the championship, however, the score was only 18：：8. Mexico, who won the third place, verse the United States, was 10：：25. There is no wonder that the audience felt bored about these inefficiency games.

为了扭转这一局面，国际篮联对时间标准进行了多次修订，如：球进入前场时间标准从10秒变为8秒、一次进攻时间标准从30秒变为24秒、罚球可处理时间标准从10秒变为5秒等，进一步加快了比赛节奏，提升了比赛的对抗性和精彩程度。

To reverse course, FIBA revised the time standards for several times. For example, time restriction on possession of the ball was reduced from 10 seconds to 8 seconds, shot clock was reduced from 30 seconds to 24 seconds, time restriction on attempt a free throw was reduced from 10 seconds to 5 seconds, all the modifications accelerated competitive pace and improve the level of antagonism and excitement.

阵型标准：锋卫

Formation Standard： Forward and Guard

随着现代篮球运动水平不断提高，球员的职责也日益精细化，不同特点的球员被赋予了不同阵型的位置设定。传统意义上的标准阵型由控球后卫、得分后卫、小前锋、大前锋和中锋组成。每个位置上的球员选择都有标准，比如中锋，一般由队中最高的球员担任，强调篮下的防守，以及在禁区附近投篮得分的主要进攻点。我国的篮球运动员姚明就是中锋的代表人物之一。

With the increasing levels of the modern basketball, the player's responsibilities are refined. Different players are placed in the different positions in the formation. The traditional standard formation consists of point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward and center. There is a standard on player selection at every position. For example, generally, center position is played by the tallest player in the team, emphasizes the defense under the basket, and scores by the shot near the painted area. Ming Yao, the Chinese basketball player, is one of the representative center players.

当然，阵型的选择并不是一成不变的。06—07赛季，NBA的菲尼克斯太阳队就抛弃了中锋位置，由纳什领衔4名速度型进攻球员，打出了令人赏心悦目的“跑轰”战术。这种阵型的改变，是由球队的人员配置决定的。

However, the choice of formation does not remain unchanged. In 06-07 season in NBA, Phoenix Suns gave up the center position. Steve Nash led 4 fast offensive players and played the style of run and gun, which was a feast for the eyes. This change of formation is decided by the allocation of players.

结 语

Conclusion

如今，篮球运动已经完成职业化、商业化和社会化转变，成为兼具大众性、科技性、竞技性、产业性和观赏性的特殊文化形态。或许，在不远的将来，随着竞技标准新的“进化”，篮球运动也将迈上新的发展高度。

Basketball has made the shift of professionalism, commercialization and socialization, and becomes a unique culture pattern with the unity of popularity, science and technology, competitiveness, industrialization and ornamental value. Perhaps in the future, as competitive standard is improved, the development of basketball will enter into a new level.

（支持单位：上海市质量和标准化研究院）