浅谈高中英语倒装句用法

孙天令

倒装句是高中阶段一个重要的语法项目，它在英语中使用较为广泛，形式多样，也是高考考查的热点之一。但是，在实际运用中，要想真正准确的掌握倒装句，使用时应当特别注意一些细节。本文就英语倒装句常见的部分倒装和全部倒装两种形式来分析，旨在能正确使用英语倒装句，达到高中生活学活用的目的。

由于汉语与英语在语序和使用习惯上的差异，学生在学习英语时常常在倒装句上出现错误，常出现的问题有：

一、完全倒装（或全部倒装）

完全倒装是英语倒装句中常见的一种，其语序的变化是将谓语动词完全放在主要之前，从而形成引起倒装句加谓语加主语的变化。其目的是使句子强调句中某一成分，常见以下几种情况。

（一）There be结构

由引导词there加动词be，lie，stand等构成的表示存在的句型要用全部倒装。

e.g. There are many students in the classroom.

There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.

There lies （stands） a tall beautiful building.

（二）以副词here， there， now， then， out， in， up， down， away， off等开头的句子

如果主语是名词，就用完全倒装语序。

e.g. Out rushed the children.

Off go the others.

Away went the boy .

The door opened， and in went Miss Jane .

Now comes your turn.（Here it is！给你/在这里）

注意：如果主语是代词，就用正常语序。

Off they go .

Here you are ！（给你）

Out they went .

Here he comes ！

（三）表时间、地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词，也采用全倒.

e.g. Under the tree lay a dog.

From the room came a shout for help .

Outside the classroom stood a student .

On the wall hangs a picture .

They arrived at a farmhouse， in front of which sat a small boy .

Now comes your turn 。

（四）表语提前， 且主语较长. （表语+系动词+主语）

Gone were those days when we had nothing to eat.

Present at the meeting were Professor White， Professor Smith and many other guests.

Among the goods are Christmas trees， flowers， candles and toys.

Red are the apples.

Lying on the floor was a boy aged 10.

（五）在直接引语中间或后面用作插入语的短语常常用完全倒装语序，特别是谓语较短时。如果主语是代词，常常用正常语序。

“I would like to go with you ， ” said the boy， “but I am going to take exams next week.”

“Is there anything I can do for you？” asked Mr Li.

“What do you mean？” she asked.

（六）以副词so， neither， nor 放在句首表示前面一句话中的谓语动词所说的情况也适合另一个人或物，用完全倒装其结构为： so/ neither/ nor + 助/ 系/情v. + 主语

We cant go. Neither/ Nor can they .

Water can generate electricity and so can wind.

注意：由连词so， nor， neither 开头的句子，如果表示强调前面的主语，翻译成“某人的确如此”，这时不用倒装。例如：

He likes playing football . So he does.

A： She knows little English.

B： So she does.

A： Tom was late for school yesterday.

B： So he was.

二、部分倒装

（一） 疑问句，除对主语或主语的定語提问外，都用倒装语序，通常是部分倒装。

e.g. Did you finish your work ？

Has he come ？

Why do you speak English ？endprint

You are ready， arent you ？

注：对主语提问或主语的定语提问不倒

e.g. Who/ Whose son is standing there？

Who received the invitation？

Which class won the game？

（二）由否定副词引起的部分倒装：not， never， seldom， hardly， rarely， barely ， little， scarcely（几乎不，决不）， nowhere， at no time/ by no means，/on no account / in no case/ in no way （决不） ， no longer（不再）

eg. Never shall I forget it.

Not a single mistake did he make.

Hardly did he come to see us last year.

Little do we know about him.

Seldom does he come back on Sundays.

Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet beautiful place.

In no way will you give up.

No longer did he come.

（三）否定连词引起的部分倒装

not only 倒.. but also ..不倒..， neither .倒.. nor ..倒.，

hardly ... when ... /scarcely ... when .../

no sooner ... than ... （—— 就， 相当于as soon as/on doing ） not until（直到——才）

eg. Not only does she study hard， but also she is polite.

区别： Not only I but also Tom is tired of Jack.

No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.（如Hardly， No sooner， scarcely不放在句首，就不倒 ）

Hardly had we entered the classroom when the bell rang.=（He had hardly entered——when——）

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.（与only一样，主倒从不倒）

Not until he began to study did he realize how much time he had wasted.

（四）由“only + 状语”引起的部分倒装

即： only + 副词， 介词短语， 从句用半倒装。

Only then did I realize the importance of English.

Only in this way can you learn from your friends.

Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents' intentions.

区别：

Only the people present can prove it.

Only the man knows it.

（五）. 在省略了if 的虚拟条件句中，were， had， should必须放到句子开头，构成部分倒装语序。

Had he worked harder ， he would have got through the exams.

=If he had worked harder， he would have got through the exams.

Were I you， I would refuse his offer.

= If I were you， I would refuse his offer.

Should it rain tomorrow， we would put off the sports meeting.

= If it should rain tomorrow， we would put off the sports meeting.

（六） 在so…that， such…that（如此……以致于）句型中，若把 so 或 such 放在句子开头，要用部分倒装语序。

So angry was he that he couldn't speak.

So loudly did he speak that the people in the next room could hear him.

Such a clever boy is Tom that all his teachers think highly of him.

（七）由连词as 引导的方式状语从句，表示重复前句部分内容，用部分倒装语序， 也可用陈述语序。

e.g. Our eating habits have changed， as has the way of our life.

（這时as相当与 so）

He went there on foot， as his brother had done.endprint