休闲农庄，新山，马来西亚

2011-07-30 12:37司马蕾

世界建筑 2011年11期

1 总平面/Site plan

概念

本项目的主要设计概念为3片独立场地的互相融合，以及5栋服务于同一客户的建筑的综合设计、建造。整个建筑群包括给父母用的主体建筑（目前进度延期中）、一个果园以及4栋“大多数墙都面对景观”的独立别墅——每个孩子使用一栋，建筑间则通过景观道路相连。设计范围包括建筑的总平面设计、方案设计以及个体建筑中的家具和室内整体设计。

主体建筑

如同建筑群拼图的最后一块，主体建筑共由3翼组成。每翼间形成由围墙围合而成的不同高差的花园和中庭，建筑中的起居空间则面向这些庭院景致。建筑位于场地的制高点，如同环绕场地的围墙一般，让别墅和果园（位于场地东侧）成为相对私密的领域。

别墅

独立别墅是为孩子们设计的，建筑融入自然之中，在将来则预计会形成人造景观。每栋别墅的平面和立面间都保持一定距离来保护隐私，同时界定出每栋别墅的空间。位于地面以下的庭院则进一步划分出各别墅的边界。

入口空间除了限制人员出入起到保护隐私的作用，也成为别墅空间的外延。设计的最大特点是悬挑出6m的屋面——在为建筑的开放侧遮雨的同时与柔和的背景形成对比，表现出强有力的特质。一条长长的车道从建筑群的主入口向下延伸，经过景观区域通往别墅区。道路的尽头是夸张的雨篷，其两头固定在斜坡状的景观面上。

2 外景/Exterior view

每处空间的设计出发点都是最大化景观视野的同时提供自然光和通风，得到了各个具有不同特色的空间。底层空间包括别墅的公共空间——厨房、洗衣房、餐厅和起居空间。当使用者在这层中从入口走到景观庭院时，空间高度从一层上升到二层。平面的边界处是当地产的白色水磨石，反射出上部的屋顶平面，并减少了材料的用色。水磨石与草坪的高度平齐，中间通过用来收集排放地表雨水的沟渠划分。

用餐空间可以俯视下面的院子，与相邻建筑间的视线则通过树木和爬藤植物隔离开。双层高的起居空间的尽头是可开启的、通高至屋顶板的垂直玻璃，可以尽览果园的风景并能打开整个立面。近处的景观通过混凝土边界将“粗野”的果园与起居室外修剪整齐的草坪分隔开。门斗可以方便地全部打开、以让底层空间能够面向具有热带风貌的景观完全开放。

建筑的体量从入口一直延伸到果园处，拔地而起但并没有“墙”。建筑中的夹层能提供一个额外的起居室或卧室，同时也是空间的微妙扩张。使用者在室内也能意识到入口雨篷的存在，这是因为它插入建筑之中，一直延伸到夹层的空间之上，成为一张可以北望的椅子或一个矮架子。在浴室可以俯看用金属材料围合出的3层高的庭院，使用者也可以通过浴室到达庭院中自由的使用空间而不用担心被窥视到。

夹层中延伸出两个采光走道，东侧的走道通往有可开启幕墙的一面，使用者可以控制与相邻建筑的视线接触来保护隐私，也能根据时间和季节来调节阳光的入射量。西侧的走道通往从结构构件延伸出的平台上，形成建筑高处的开放空间，平台悬臂的结构则与屋顶平面一致。夹层的木制家具与屋顶面保持一定距离以维持屋顶层作为遮光构件的纯净感。一个狭小的书房占据了屋顶层的一角，形成安静的私密区域，其外则是一片宽敞的共享空间。通过全玻璃围合，书房中可以遥望远处的风景。

地下层为包括卧室在内的私人空间。这种安排方式并不新鲜，但卧室位于底层的做法与东南亚常见的卧室在一楼的安排不同。通高的移门让每间卧室都能完全开放，通往私人庭院。下沉庭院的树木在长大后将形成从地面层可见的绿篱，增加别墅间的私密性。

与建筑的其他部分一样，地下层也秉持了高标准的细节设计——上部地面层的小簇“光镜”让光线能透射到地下层的公共通道上。两间储藏室通过隐蔽的房门掩饰起来，一间与折叠木楼梯毗邻，另一间则在面向院子开放的公共浴室之下。木材门的使用加强了与储藏室相邻的卧室的私密感。

别墅间的步行联系安排在靠果园的一侧。长木材铺地延伸到餐厅和起居空间，并从别墅中延伸出来，在现有景观中蜿蜒曲折，最终通过混凝土边界处墙上的小空间通往相邻的别墅。

设计保持了最初“有墙处既成景”的概念。□（司马蕾译）

在爱上马来西亚的马来亚住宅以后，委托人鲍勃和安琪拉希望在兰卡威岛的小山丘上建造一座木构住宅。

我们认为，用全新的木材来建造住宅并非一种具有可持续性的选择，新采伐的木材如果未经过恰当的干燥，则更容易出现收缩和弯曲等情况。

数年前，马来西亚的木质电线杆全部被混凝土电线杆代替时，我们就曾想，这些木质电线杆如果变成木柱将多么美妙。它们抵挡了经年累月的来自白蚁和天气的袭击，证明了自身结构上的坚固性。同时，岁月在柱身的纹理和颜色上也留下了独特的痕迹。

于是，我们决定用回收的木质电线杆来建造这座住宅，由此同委托人一起展开了寻找回收木制电线杆的旅程，最终终于在吉打州的一家木材厂收集到了用来作为结构构件和屋顶椽子的5×5电线杆，而住宅的地板，墙板以及屋顶的木瓦则均来自被拆迁的房屋。

每一根柱子都由固定在一条钢质基柱上的4根5×5电线杆构成。钢质基柱则作为白蚁屏障，防止白蚁侵袭到人们不易注意到的地方。主要的梁则由3根电线杆与钢质基柱构成，这些梁均通过斜接接头与其他结构构件相连。

通过使用钢制门窗、连接件以及连接线，整个建造过程变得更加容易和迅速。这种现代的建造方式与木柱上岁月留下的痕迹构成了鲜明的对比。

人们首先驾车驶入一条上山的小路，然后登上一段楼梯，最终才会看到这栋住宅在他们面前逐渐展开。住宅的平面构成非常简单，一层整体为开放的起居空间，二层则布置有卧室等房间。一层的起居空间面向游泳池、大海与远处的地平线敞开。厨房位于起居室的一侧，两者之间以滑动门分隔。房间门向内开放以欢迎不时来访的猴子和其他动物访客，徐徐海风使得这里成为了午后小憩的最佳场所。□（李璠译）

Concept

The integration of three individual sites and the design and construction of a complex of five separate buildings for a single client. The complex consists of the main house for the parents [currently put on hold], an orchard, and four individual villas where 'most of the walls are views', one for each child, all linked by landscaped walkways. The scope of works included the master plan for the complex,down to the design and selection of individual pieces of furniture for each space, a fully integrated design.

Main House

The final piece of the overall jigsaw, it is composed of three wings in total, each forming new gardens and courtyards created by walls or difference in levels, so the living spaces will have views of the entire site. Sited towards the apex of the site in totality, the house acts as a wall embracing the project where the villas and the orchard are situated [the eastern part of the site]which is the private domain of the development.

The Villas

The individual villas were designed for the children, responding to the natural fall of the site and in anticipation of the future views to a man made landscape. Each villa has been offset both in plan and vertically to provide privacy and definition of the single villas. Increased seperation of the villas is achieved through the introduction of lower ground courtyards.

The entrances have limited openings to afford privacy for each family and a solid base from which the villa extends. The dominant feature of the design is the roof plane, cantilevering out six metres it provides shade from the rain on the more open side of the villa and acts as a strong expression in contrast to the subdued context. A long driveway from the main entry of the complex drops under and through the landscaping of the main house and provides vehicle access to the villas. The approach ends under a dramatic canopy, bounded on both sides by sloping landscaped planes.

The planning of each space sought to maximise views, light and ventilation, resulting in spaces of varying character. The ground level contains the public domain for the villas, consisting of the kitchen, laundry, dining and living spaces. As the occupant moves through the level, from the entrance to the landscape, the space increases

2 外景/Exterior view

from single height to double height. The floor finish is in-situ white terrazzo, reflecting the roof plane above, and contributing to a restrained materials palette. It finishes flush with the lawn, demarcated by a channel that collects and discharges any rain or surface water.

The dining space overlooks a courtyard below,screened from the neighbours by a combination of trees and climbing creepers. The double height living space terminates in operable vertical glazing that continues to the roof plane, affording full views of the orchard and the ability to open the entire facade. The immediate landscape, bordered by a concrete edge divorces the 'wilder' orchard from the more formal manicured lawn directly outside the living space. All the doors are designed to be fully flexible to allow for spaces on the ground level to be totally opened out towards the tropical landscape.

The volume extending from the entrance to the orchard and from the ground up has no 'walls'.A mezzanine has been inserted, accommodating either an additional living space or bedroom, and is a subtle expansion of space. The occupant is aware of the entrance canopy as it penetrates into the space on the mezzanine level, acting as a bench seat with views to the north or as a low shelf.The bathroom overlooks a three-storey courtyard enclosed in metal, encouraging the occupant to open the bathroom to the courtyard and freely use the space with no fear of being observed.

Extending from the mezzanine are two light walkways, the eastern walkway provides access to the facade of adjustable screens, allowing individual occupants to control the amount of privacy they would like from their neighbours and adjust sun penetration throughout the days and seasons. The western walkway is a balcony, extending through the structural elements it provides a high external vantage point over the complex, its cantilever mimicking the roof plane. The joinery works on the mezzanine level were designed not to touch the ceiling, in order to conserve the purity of the roof as a protective shading element. A discreet study occupies the corner of this level, creating a private and quiet zone, within a much larger shared open space; fully glazed, it embraces the distant views.

The private domain on the basement holds the bedrooms; more conventional in its arrangement but unusual in the sense that the bedrooms are on the lower floor, as opposed to the first floor typically found throughout South East Asia. Full height sliding doors allows each bedroom to completely open out onto their own lower private courtyard. The treesplanted on the lower ground courtyard will eventually provide added privacy between the villas in the form of a foliage screen seen from the ground level.

Consistent with the entire complex a high level of design detail has been applied to the basement level; clusters of small 'light lenses' from the ground level above allow light to enter the shared passageway at the basement level. 'Secret' doors disguise the two store rooms adjacent to, and under,the folding timber stairs and the shared bathroom opens to the courtyard, its timber doors increasing privacy to the adjacent bedroom.

Pedestrian connection between each villa is encouraged on the orchard side. Long timber decks,parallel to the dining and living spaces, extend out from the villa and hovering above the existing landscape before returning through a small space in the concrete boundary wall to the neighbouring villa.

The original idea of 'where most of the walls are views' remains.□