书面表达的失分点

陈才

对书面表达中的常见错误同学们应该熟知并规避，在考试中沉着应考，细心应对，力求书面表达做到 “全、准、雅、顺”。书面表达中的主要失分点有以下三个方面：

拼写错误，表达随意

标点符号与大小写的常见错误如下：

1. 句子某些专有名词应改大写而没有，或将某些词误作专有名词大写的情况。如：there is a temple on the Top of the mountain.应为：There is a temple on the top of the mountain.

2. 句子中不使用任何标点符号，从而无法辨别句子的结构。如：I got up early this morning went to the school cleaned the classroom.应为：I got up early this morning， went to the school and cleaned the classroom.

3. 句子的结尾随意打点，句子散乱。如：Li Ming didnt come to the school. Because he was ill today.这两句有因果关系，应用标点将两句连起来，所以应改为：Li Ming didnt come to the school， because he was ill today.

4. 用“：”代替“，”。在英语书信开头出现Dear Tom：

应为：Dear Tom，

5. 使用汉语标点符号。例如，用汉语的 “、”来代替英语的标点符号。如：In the park， I saw some trees、flowers、birds、insects.应为：In the park， I saw some trees， flowers， birds and insects.

6. 使用中文中的《》。英语中需要用“”来代替书名号。如：Can you lend me 《the Arabian Nights》？应为：Can you lend me “the Arabian Nights”？

⑦英语中句号写法与汉语中不同，英语句号是一个实心点，而汉语中用圆圈。如：Having finished his homework，Xiao Li went home。应为：Having finished his homework，Xiao Li went home.

以上种种错误都是误用标点或者滥用标点，另外还需注意大小写的问题，在写作完成后，检查全文时应注意一下几点：

①注意标题的大小写。标题开头第一个词词首要大写，除介词、冠词、连词以外的实词，每个词词首也都要大写。

②姓与名的第一个字母要大写。如“丁俊晖”应写成Ding Junhui，不能写成Ding Jun Hui.

③专有名词中实词要大写。如the United States of America。英语中有些固定要大写的名词，如大洲、大洋、江、河、国家、地名、星期几等。

④一句句首要大写，句中非规定要大写的词不能大写。

⑤注意英语中标点的用法与写法，与汉语还有不同之处，如汉语中表示省略用六个点，英语中只用三个点，而且必须下标，与前后各空一格；汉语中引用某人说话的原文时，往往首先在“说”这个词之后加冒号，英语中这种情况下既可用冒号，又可以用逗号。

搭配不当，用词不准确

常用词和词组往往是由它们在运用中的频率和练习中的作用所决定的。对于常用词和词组，复习时要求要高一些，即要能熟练准确地掌握，自如地运用。要达到这一点，首先要研究这些词和词组的真实含意和习惯表达法。在表达中，汉语一个字组成各种词组在英语中要用各种词组来表示，如：请假：ask for leave；请人吃饭：invite sb. for dinner；请人唱歌：ask sb. to sing a song；请问（劳驾）：excuse me；请医生：send（sb.） for a doctor；请随意：help yourself。

有同学在写作时，常常把一些固定词组、习惯用语和固定句型错误搭配，结果写出来的句子让人看不懂。

①你愿意帮我忙吗？

误Will you give me a favour？

正Will you do me a favour？

析 “帮某人一个忙”、“给某人恩惠”应是do sb. a favour.

②在回家的路上，史密斯夫人的钱包被抢了。

误Mrs. Smiths wallet was robbed from her on her way home.

正Mrs. Smiths wallet was stolen from her on her way home.

正Mrs. Smiths wallet was robbed of her on her way home.

析 “抢某人某物”译为steal+某物+from+某人或场所，或rob+人或场所+of+某物。

③你认为工程师的演讲怎么样？

误How do you think of the speech made by the engineer？

正What do you think of the speech made by the engineer？

析 本句的错误在于有同学对what ... think of的结构概念模糊加上母语的干扰而造成的。what在这一结构中作think的宾语。what do you think of ... 还可以说How do you like ... ？ how在句子中是疑问副词，作状语。

结构混乱，成分残缺

有些同学在全文结束时画蛇添足，加上一句错误的问句。比如： Are you agree？/So what do you choice？

1. 句子缺谓语。

一个句子至少包括主语和谓语两部分（祈使句除外）。如果把句子的某一个部分当成一个句子，就会导致非完整句子。

误The building like a match box.

正The building is/looks like a match box.

误He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom.

正He told me that all my classmates were sitting in the classroom.

两个各含有主语和谓语的分句不能写在一起，也不能只用逗号隔开。

误There were foreigners came to our school.

正There were foreigners who came to our school.

误Without a friend will feel lonely.

正Without a friend one will feel lonely.

误The girls cleaned the desks and chairs， the boys mopped the floor.

正The girls cleaned the desks and chairs； the boys mopped the floor.

正The girls cleaned the desks and chairs， and the boys mopped the floor.

误The book was interesting， I read it rapidly.

正The book was interesting； I read it rapidly.

正The book was interesting， and I read it rapidly.

2. 句子不完整。

有的同学因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。

误Because the kids thought their wages were too low.

正Because the kids thought their wages were too low， they demanded a high pay.

误While waiting for the bus.

正While waiting for the bus， he talked with the little girl.

3. be动词遗漏。

在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如：“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形容词不能作谓语，一定要写成：Im tired.

误He will sure to come and help me.

正He will be sure to come and help me.

4. 介词、冠词遗漏。

还有一些同学因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，也会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。

误Because his mistake several people died.

正Because of his mistake several people died.

误I have never seen such beautiful picture.

正I have never seen such a beautiful picture.

5. 修饰语错位。

英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。

如：I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

析 better位置不当，应置于句末。