“三权分置”下农地经营权主体成员权身份探究

杨遂全，韩作轩

（1.四川大学法学院，四川 成都 610207；2.四川大学经济学院，四川 成都 610065）

“三权分置”下农地经营权主体成员权身份探究

杨遂全1，韩作轩2

（1.四川大学法学院，四川 成都 610207；2.四川大学经济学院，四川 成都 610065）

研究目的：分析农地经营权流转和继承面临的法理障碍，提出完善农村集体经济组织成员权的立法建议。研究方法：田野调查法、规范分析法、比较分析法。研究结果：目前农村集体经济组织成员权是人身性的社员权；农地经营权流转面临受让主体的身份障碍，制约了农地财产功能发挥。研究结论：“三权分置”后农地经营权主体身份呈复合性；无承包权的农地经营权受让人可设置为新型成员权；参照“建筑物区分所有权”，构建不同种类的集体经济组织成员对农用地的共有权和专有权，且保障新成员与原社员在用益物权上平等；在条件具备时完全以物权性的农村集体经济组织成员权取代人身性的社员权。

土地法学；三权分置；身份转换；农地经营权；社员权；成员权

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal obstacles to the transfer and inheritance of land management rights and to put forward some legislative suggestions for improving the membership right of rural collective economic organizations. Methods used include fieldwork, normative analysis and comparative analysis. The results indicate that the membership right of rural collective economic organization under the current law is an identity right based on the membership. The farmland management rights transfer confronts with the obstacle over the subject of the transferee, which restricts the functions of agricultural land property. In conclusion, given the “tripartite rural land entitlement system”, the subject of land management right is complex, the assignment of the right to operate the land may obtain the membership right of rural collective economic organization on the basis of the right to operate the land. Referring to “the condominium ownership”, the joint ownership and exclusive right of the membership in rural collective economic organizations towards the agricultural land can be set up. The legislation should guarantee the equality of usufruct between the new members and the former members of rural collective economic organizations. When the conditions arealready, the entirely property-type membership right of rural collective economic organizations can replace the identitytype membership right of the community.

Key words:land law; tripartite rural land entitlement system; identity conversion; agricultural land management right; community member right; membership right

1 问题的提出

综观中国目前与农村土地承包经营权相关的理论和实践，各界对作为用益物权的传统的农村土地承包经营权能否再派生出一个独立的、物权性质的新型农地经营权（通称农地经营权），形成农用地“三权分置”的基础法律架构的研究还不到位，尚未形成严密的制度逻辑构造。显然，“中央文件提出农地经营权应该可以转让、抵押的政策要求，也还没有落实在法律上。……