名词性从句学习“步步高”

2017-03-27 08:56新疆常玉国特级教师孙雅群
教学考试(高考英语) 2017年1期
关键词:同位语步步高连接词

新疆 常玉国(特级教师) 孙雅群

名词性从句学习“步步高”

新疆 常玉国(特级教师) 孙雅群

在英语三大复合句(定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句)的学习中,名词性从句是最难的。其难点在于种类多,结构识别比较难;二是连接词数量多,准确选择的确难;三是应用范围广,恰当应用有些难。但是,我们只要按照下面的方法来学习,就一定能够做到“步步高”:认得出,做得对,用得好!

一、认得出:按所处位置辨认四类名词性从句

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。那么,怎样来识别这四种从句呢?

从句类型___基本概念___________________________________________识别要领 备注 连接词主语从句作句子主语的________________从句一般在谓语动词之前(注意倒装时的用法)_____________常常会用it作形式主语宾语从句作句子宾语的从句①位于及物动词后;②位于介词后;③位于be+(部分)____________形容词后___________________常常会用it作形式宾语连 接 词:that,whether,if;连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which;连接副词:when,where,how,why另:as if/though表语从句作句子表语的从句位于系动词之后常见系动词:1个“be”;2个“像”;3个“保持”;5个“变化”;_______________5个“来”___同位语从句作句子同位语的从句位于名词后,用以“说明”其具体内容注意与定语从句的辨析:定语从句用以“修饰限定”_________________________________________________________________________________其先行词

【经典例句】主语从句(画线部分为名词性从句。下同)

1. Exactly when the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain,but it was probably around 1565. (2014全国大纲卷,单选改编,24)

【简析】主语从句在谓语动词“is”之前,引导词“when”在从句中作时间状语。从句作主语时谓语动词一般用单数。

2. That we will have a picnic next Sunday excites us all these days.

【简析】在谓语动词“excites”之前;从句结构及意义均完整,故须用“无成分,无意义”的引导词that。that引导主语、表语、同位语从句时不可省略。

3. It was unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned_up.(2014新课标卷Ⅰ,语法填空改编,61)

【简析】本句中“It”作形式主语,替代后面真正的主语从句。

【知识拓展一】常用it作形式主语的基本句式:(1)It+be+名词+that从句;(2)It+be+形容词+that从句;(3)It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句;(4)It+不及物动词+that从句。

【知识拓展二】在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常用的句型有:

It is necessary (important,natural,strange,etc.)that...

It is a pity (a shame,no wonder,etc.) that...

It is suggested (requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that...

【经典例句】宾语从句(这是新高考重点考查的句式)

1. I’m sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with_you on Friday afternoon. I have just found that I have to attend an important class meeting that afternoon. I hope (that) the change will not cause you too much trouble.(2016全国卷Ⅲ,书面表达范文)

【简析】本段中用到多个宾语从句,that在宾语从句中不作句子成分。当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略。

2. She always thinks of how she can work well.

【简析】画线部分作介词of(或短语think of)的宾语。how在从句中作方式状语。要注意:在名词性从句中只用陈述语序。

3. I am glad that you are satisf ed with your job.

【简析】英文中“be+glad/certain/sure/afraid/pleased...”后可以接宾语,称之为“be+形容词”搭配。

【知识拓展三】宾语从句连接词选择四要点:

1. 如果宾语从句是个陈述句,常用连词that引导;

2. 如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句变来的,该从句可以用由原来引导特殊疑问句的疑问代词或疑问副词变来的连接代词或连接副词引导;

3. 如宾语从句表示不肯定或疑问,如“是否”“是不是”“能否”等,就用连词if/whether来引导;

4. 有的宾语从句表示“某人在某地/某时做的事(说的话、想到的、记得的)”等意思时,就要用关系代词what来引导该从句,what本身既是引导词,又在从句中作宾语。

【知识拓展四】宾语从句中常常后跟“should+动词原形(should可省略)”的动词:

1个“坚持”(insist);2个“命令”(order,command);3个“建议”(suggest,advise,recommend);4个“要求”(demand,desire,request,ask)

【经典例句】表语从句(记住常见系动词很重要)

1. This is how you can do it.(2016全国卷Ⅲ,阅读理解七选五选项C)

【简析】画线部分在系动词is之后,故为表语从句。连接词how作方式状语。

2. It looks as if it is going to rain.

【简析】画线部分在系动词looks之后,故为表语从句。连接词as if/as though可引导表语从句。

【知识拓展五】常见系动词巧记口诀:

1“be”(am,is ,are); 2“ 像 ”(seem,appear);3“保持”(keep,stay, remain);5个“变化”(become, turn,grow,go,get);5个“来”(sound,smell,taste,feel,look)

【经典例句】同位语从句

1. The news that our Women Volleyball Team has won the game is exciting.

2. Word came that our Women Volleyball Team has won the game.

【简析】这两句均为同位语从句,特征是说明其前面名词的具体内容。其中第二句出现了“分割现象”——名词和同位语从句被谓语动词等分割开来。同位语从句通常由that引导,也可根据需要用到其他一些连接词。可用于同位语从句的常见名词有:advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。

【知识拓展六】同位语从句和定语从句的区别:

that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,不能省略。

试比较下面两个例句:

I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)

Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)

二、做得对:按句子所缺成分和意义来确定连接词

引导名词性从句的连词常常被分为三类:连 接 词:that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分);连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which和连接副词:when,where,how,why。为了学习的简洁方便,我们把它们统称为“连接词”。

在英语学习和高考中,名词性从句连接词(或引导词)的考查是难点和热点。不过,只要我们抓住两个要点:语法功能(从句中所缺成分)和词义辨析(连词的意义),这个问题即可迎刃而解。

连接词 (从句中)语_____________________________________________________________法功能_词义 备注___who_______________________________________________主语_谁whom 宾语 谁 在口语中常用who_______________代替whom________whoever 主语凡是……的人;谁……谁就。相当于anyone______________________who_____________________________其宾格形式是whomever__whose______________________________________________________________________定语_谁的what 主语、表语、宾语、定语什么,所有的。相当于“the+n.+定语从句”①注意与whatever在意义上的细微区别;②后接名词,_______________作定语___________whatever 主语、表语、宾语、定语凡是……的物。相当于“anything+定语从句”①还可以引导让步状语从句,注意与“no matter what”的辨析;②后接名词,_______________作定语___________which 主语、宾语、________________________表语、定语________________哪一个;哪些 注意与whichever在意义上的细微区别_whichever主语、宾语、表语、定语 无论哪一个都还可以引导让步状语从句,注意与“no matter which”的_______________辨析_______________where__________________地点状语__________________________________在哪儿__when______________时间状语____什___________________________么时候①可单独使用;②后接形容词或副词,_____________________________________共同起连接作用______why________________原因状语__________________________________为什么_whether________________不作成分________________是否_与if的辨析_______how 方式状语 多么;如何①注意与what的辨析;②引导宾语从________________________________________________________________________________________句时常省略that 不作成分 无意义

【高考链接】(2016全国卷Ⅰ,短文改错)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.

【解析】that改为where。短语“close to”中的to是介词,其后应该是宾语从句。在宾语从句中,该引导词须表示“在哪里”这个意义,并须充当“地点状语”。故应将that改为where。

【高考链接】(2016全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.

【解析】can改为should或删去。在suggest等动词后的宾语从句中,应该用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式,此时should可以省去。

【高考链接】(2015全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空,70)As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians f gured out exactly_______thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

【解析】how。f gured out后接宾语从句,空格后为形容词或副词时一般用how。

【高考链接】(2016天津卷,单选改编,11)The manager put forward a suggestion________we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

【解析】that。同位语从句,说明“suggestion”的内容,而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。故用that引导,that不作成分,只起连接作用。

【高考链接】(2015北京卷,单选改编,35)_______we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.

【解析】How。谓语动词“has”之前的内容为主语从句。主语从句中主谓宾齐全,但从意义上来讲句意不完整,how在此处作方式状语,意为“如何;怎样”。

【高考链接】(2015江苏卷,单选改编,25)________Li Bai,a great Chinese poet,was born is known to the public,but some won’t accept it.

【解析】Where。这是个主语从句。根据“Li Bai...was born”可知,从句成分完整,应用表示地点的副词where引导。

【高考链接】(2015陕西卷,单选改编,19)Reading her biography,I was lost in admiration for________Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.

【解析】what。此处为介词for的宾语从句,what在句中须作及物动词achieved的宾语。

【高考链接】(2015湖北卷,单句翻译改编,76)We must act as quickly as possible now. Just tell us________you can undertake the task or not.

【解析】whether/if。【知识拓展】if和whether引导宾语从句时的辨析:whether与if在作“是否”的意思讲时,在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:

1. 引导主语从句并在句首时;2.引导表语从句时;3.引导从句作介词宾语时;4.连词后紧接“or not”时,但若分开时也可以用if;5.后接动词不定式时。

三、用得好:按句子特征用好名词性从句

名词性从句作为英语中一个重要的语言现象,广泛存在于阅读理解、完形填空以及短文改错和语法填空中,对这个项目的理解能够帮助我们很好地完成试卷预设的题目。此外,我们还可以充分利用名词性从句的特征来为书面表达“增分添彩”!

(一)请欣赏出自高考书面表达参考范文的经典例句:

1. 由连接词if引导的宾语从句(句中画线部分为名词性从句。下同)

...I don’t know if there are something to pay attention_to.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)

Also,do let me know if you need further information.(2013·新课标卷Ⅱ)

2. 由连接词what引导的宾语从句

If not,let me know what time suits you best.(what作名词time的定语)(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)

3. 由连接词how引导的宾语从句(how单独使用或是后接形容词、副词)

I know how I achieved my success.(2016·浙江卷)

It’ll be nice to see how excited he will be.(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)

4. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句(括号中为原文省去的that)

(1)作及物动词的宾语从句

I know(that)you take good pictures and that you’ve always wanted to do something for environmental protection. I remember(that)you showed me some photos on that theme the last time you visited our school.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)

(2)比较特殊的宾语从句

①“be+形容词”后接宾语从句

I am sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations.(2015·陕西卷)

②宾语从句中用到虚拟语气

I wish there would not to be too many students in a class.(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)

③作动词-ing形式的宾语从句

Learning that you are or ganizing this activity to share books worldwide,I am writing to apply for it...(2015·重庆卷)

(二)可用于书面表达的经典名词性从句句式:

1.主语从句

2. What...be that... (主语从句+系动词+表语从句)

3. News came that... (同位语从句)

4. It is well known that... (形式主语it的用法,真正的主语从句后置)

5. We think it necessary that...(形式宾语it的用法,真正的宾语从句后置)

6. Everybody knows that...(宾语从句)

【试一试】

在下面空格中填入一个最合适的连接词,以完成这些名词性从句。

1.________we can’t get seems better than what we have.

2._______you don’t like him is none of my business.

3.________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

4. I hate________when people talk with their mouths full.

5._______we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

6. What the doctors really doubt is_______my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

7. It is generally considered unwise to give a child_______he or she wants.

8. Sarah hopes to become a friend of________shares her interests.

9. Suggestions have been put forward________more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

10. Doubts have been put forward_______more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

【参考答案】

1. What 2. That 3. It 4. it 5. Whether 6. whether/ if 7. whatever 8. whoever 9.that 10. why/whether

(作者单位:新疆哈密地区第二中学)

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