马杰 米靖
摘要:射击运动在我国已有60余年发展历史,并在多届奥运会比赛中实现为国争光的任务。基于历史观视角,通过访谈不同历史年代重要人物、收集并研读政策文件与训练日记、观察国家射击队训练与比赛,对该项目后备人才培养、训练、竞赛、管理、教练员培训等影响因素进行梳理,揭示该项目发展历程的一些基本规律。基本规律主要有:举国体制继承创新,是项目发展的根本保证;人才数量相对稳定,是实现项目可持续发展的基本前提;队伍管理准军事化,是项目文化的重要内容;训练理念渐成体系,是项目科学化训练的思想基础;培训制度已成传统,是提升教练员素质的战略举措。
关键词:射击运动;发展历程;影响因素;发展规律
中图分类号:G871文献标识码:A文章编号:1006-2076(2017)04-0087-05
Abstract:Shooting sports, which has achieved glories in the Olympics Games, has a history of more than 60 years in China. This research, based on historical point, investigated the basic laws of its development by interviewing important historical figures, collecting and studying policy documents and training diary, observing training and competition performance of National Shooting Team. Also, according to the time development order, we summarized the influence factors, such as the culture of reserved personnel, concrete practice of training, competition system, team management, and cultivation of coaches. As a result, the basic law follows, including: the inheritance and innovation of the whole nation system in competitive sports is the fundamental guarantee for the development of China's shooting sports; the relative stability in the number of talents is the basic premise to realize sustainable development of the project; Quasi military management of sports team is an important content of this game's culture; the gradual system of training idea is the ideological basis of scientific training; the tradition of cultivating system for coaches is the strategic measure to improve the quality of coaches.
Key words:shooting sports; development history; influence factors; basic laws
射擊运动于1952年在国内立项,60余年来已取得许多荣誉,其中在历届奥运会中共获得22金、15银、19铜的优异成绩。作为一项具有较强竞争实力的竞技体育项目,其优异成绩背后显然存在规律。依据层次划分,规律有着自然规律与社会规律之分[1]。从宏观层面对射击项目发展规律揭示的过程更倾向于社会规律研究,而在探索社会规律、揭示事物发展本质时,多是直接对经验材料的抽象、归纳、概括。该项目从立项到蓬勃发展受到各种因素影响,这些影响因素与项目发展成果之间存在相互关系,而这种关系便是项目发展的规律。因此,本研究基于历史观视角,访谈不同历史年代重要人物、收集并研读政策文件与训练日记、观察国家射击队训练与比赛,从后备人才培养、训练、竞赛、管理、教练员培训等因素出发,理清发展脉络,总结成功经验,揭示基本规律。……