李斌
摘要:
在清代“咸同兵燹”这样社会大动荡的背景下,乡村社会如何自救、如何维护地方社会的稳定成为有识之士思考的问题。文章以清水江文书为中心,结合其他民间文献,以流域“三营”为具体对象,分析在“咸同兵燹”期间清水江流域的乡村社会组织从款组织而演变为团练,团练在组建及其经费筹措、所产生的作用及其影响,进而探讨清水江流域乡村社会在社会动乱中的自我治理,并从中发现了一些对当今社会仍有一定借鉴价值的治理举措。
关键词:
款组织;三营;清水江流域;咸同兵燹
中图分类号:C954
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-5099(2018)04-0053-07
Disorder and Reconstruction: Wars during Emperor
Xianfeng and Tongzhi Period and the Reconstruction
of Local Order in Qingshuijiang Area
LI Bin
(Kaili College, Kaili, Guizhou, 556011, China)
Abstract:
against the background of turbulent war period from Emperor Xianfeng to Emperor Tongzhi, learned people considered how to realize self ̄savings of country society, how to maintain local social stability. To analyse the influence and function of regional country organization which developed from Kuan organization to Tuan organization, and the development of Tuan organization, its raising finance during wars, the article concentrates on Qingshuijiang documents, together with other local documents, through specific study on “three battalions”. Thus, to further discuss self governance by country society in social turbulence, and figure out some useful governance measures for modern society.
Key words:
Kuan organization; three battalions; Qingshuijiang area; wars during Emperor Xianfeng and Tongzhi period
“款組织”作为清水江流域苗侗族的社会组织形式,在维护乡村社会平衡与稳定中发挥着重要的作用。在“咸同兵燹”期间,作为团练的杰出代表——“三营”,成为清水江中下游地区对抗张秀眉起义军和姜应芳起义军的一支重要力量,通过武力对抗等强制性措施来恢复地区的社会稳定。
一、“咸同兵燹”及其对社会秩序的破坏
1850年代,受太平天国起义的影响,贵州各地先后爆发了少数民族领导的起义。其中,尤以台拱(今台江)张秀眉等领导的“咸同苗民大起义”、清平(今凯里)岩大五领导的苗民起义以及天柱姜应芳领导的侗族农民起义声势最大。1855年4月30日,张秀眉在台拱起义,张老九(九大王)响应于偏寨,高禾、九松继起于乌结,出现“千里苗疆,莫不相应”的局面。在起义后的一年多时间里,先后攻下凯里、施秉、清江、台拱、黄平、清平、古州、都匀等府厅州县城。……