王阳明的“去人欲而存天理”及其与朱熹理欲论之比较

关键词：王阳明;去人欲而存天理;朱熹;理欲论

摘 要：王阳明的“去人欲而存天理”来自朱熹的“存天理，灭人欲”，且二者又存在诸多差异，主要有三：其一，朱熹讲“性即理”，既讲人之性又讲物之性，并且认为人、物之性都是禀赋天理而来;与此不同，王阳明讲“心即理”，以为天理即人之道心，人之良知。其二，朱熹认为，“存天理，灭人欲”首先在于“即物而穷其理”“格物致知”，然后“为善以去恶”，从而“克尽己私，复还天理”;与此不同，王阳明反对朱熹所谓“即物而穷其理”之说，认为“去人欲而存天理”只是就心上讲求，“存天理”只在于“去人欲”。其三，朱熹认为，“存天理”与“灭人欲”是先后不同且又相互统一的两种工夫;与此不同，王阳明认为，“去人欲”与“存天理”是同一的，“去得人欲，便识天理”，并且特别强调去除人欲。然而，他们都讲天理与人欲的对立，要求去除人欲，因而又是一致的。

中图分类号：B244.7文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2020）02-0046-08

Wang Yangmings Theory of “Removing Human Desire and Preserving Nature” and Its Comparison with Zhu Xis Theory of Reason and Desire

LE Ai-guo1，2（1. Zhuzi Institute，Shangrao Normal University，Shangrao Jiangxi 334001，China;2. Department of Philosophy，Xiamen University，Xiamen Fujian 361005，China）

Key words：Wang Yangming;removing human desire and preserving nature;Zhu Xi;theory of reason and desire

Abstract：Wang Yangmings theory of “removing human desire and preserving nature” comes from Zhu Xis theory of “preserving heavenly principles and destroying human desire”，but there are many differences between them. First，Zhu Xi says that “human nature is principle”，which emphasizes both human nature and material nature，and believes that they come from heavenly principles;unlike this，Wang Yangming says that “human mind is principle”. That is to say，heavenly principles are mans Tao mind and conscience. Secondly，Zhu Xi believes that “preserving heavenly principles and destroying human desire” lies first in “absorbing the truth from things”，and then “eliminating evil by doing good”，thus “conquering selfishness and restoring heavenly principles”. Unlike this，Wang Yangming opposes Zhu Xis so-called “absorbing the truth from things”，believing in “removing human desire and preserving nature” is merely to do in mind ，and as long as human desire is removed，human nature can be preserved. Thirdly，Zhu Xi believes that “preserving heavenly principles” and “destroying human desire” are two different and unified efforts. Unlike this，Wang Yangming believes that “removing human desire” and “preserving nature” were the same，and particularly emphasized   “removing human desire”. However，they all advocate the opposition between heavenly principles and human desire，demanding the removal of human desire，so they are consistent.

对于王阳明，刘宗周说：“先生教人吃紧在去人欲而存天理，进之以知行合一之说，其要归于致良知。”[1]1认为“去人欲而存天理”是阳明学的基本思想;同时又认为，王阳明讲“去人欲而存天理”本就是“程、朱之言”[2]30-31。毫无疑问，王阳明的“去人欲而存天理”，作为其基本思想，来自于朱熹的“存天理，灭人欲”。当然，二者又存在诸多的差异，但无论如何，他们都讲天理与人欲的对立，要求“存天理”，要求去除人欲。对于王阳明“去人欲而存天理”，阳明后学中的浙中王门与江右王门多有继承，泰州学派则多有变异，肯定人欲的正当合理性，且对王阳明“去人欲而存天理”与朱熹的“存天理，灭人欲”并不作出明确的区分。……