臧宏
关键词:知;生而知之;仁;义;礼
摘 要:“知”是贯穿于儒道佛学说中的核心观念,与“智”通用,若不受妄念干扰,便是“般若”智慧。“知”是生命本体的根本表现形式,故简称为“本知论”,即智慧学说。《论语》从“知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也”,即“能知”和“被知”的不可分割的关系、从”知之者,不如好之者,好之者,不如乐之者”的三种境界的关系、从“生而知之者,上也,学而知之者,次也……”的“生知”与“学知”的关系、从“知”与“仁”“义”“礼”诸观念的关系,对“本知论”作了深入浅出的阐述。在最具体的事物中“致良知”,观“天意”,是《论语》的根本特征,正是这一特征,决定它比佛道更能引导人们入中国生命观之门。
中图分类号:B222.2文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-2435(2020)02-0054-11
“Knowledge” in Analects of Confucius
ZANG Hong(School of Marxism,Anhui Normal University,Wuhu Anhui 241002,China)
Key words:knowledge;born wise;benevolence;righteousness;propriety
Abstract:“Knowledge”,which runs through the core concept of Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism,is the same as “wisdom”. If not disturbed by delusion,it is “prajna” wisdom. “Knowledge” is the fundamental manifestation of life itself,so it is referred to as “the theory of knowledge”,that is,the theory of wisdom. Analects of Confucius makes a profound and simple exposition of “the theory of knowledge” from the perspectives of the following relationships:the inseparable relationship between “ability to know” and “being known”,three states of “kowning,preference and fondness”,the relationship between “being born wise” and “learning to know”,and the relationship between “knowledge” and “benevolence”,“righteousness” and “propriety”. Among the most concrete things,“to cause conscience” and “to observe the will of heaven” are the fundamental features of Analects of Confucius. It is this feature that determines that it can better guide people into the gate of Chinese outlook on life than Buddhism and Taoism.
《論语》中有近40处涉及到“知”字,其中大多数出自孔子之口。“知”,当它不受干扰时,本身就是“智”,即“智慧”。“知”在孔子学说中,主要不是作动词,而是作名词,亦即智慧。所以,本文只从智慧的层面上讲“知”,即主要是就孔子所说的仁、义、礼、智的序列来讲“知”。
一、“知”与“不知”
《论语》中集中讲“知”的篇章,当推《为政》篇的第17章,其原文是:
子曰:“由,诲女知之乎!知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。”
注家对这一章的解释,比较典型的,有这样几种:一是朱熹的解释。他说:“子路好勇,盖有强其所不知以为知者,故夫子告知曰:我教女以知之之道乎!但所知者则以为知,所不知者则以为不知。如此则虽或不能尽知,而无自欺之蔽,亦不害其为知矣。”[1]58意思是说,求知的原则应当是,知道就知道,不知道就不知道,不要强不知以为知。