徐文轩 李伟








摘要:环境感知与定位技术是无人驾驶汽车技术的关键组成部分。在概括介绍无人驾驶汽车系统总体架构基础上,首先介绍各类环境感知传感器的原理和特点,比较各技术优缺点。然后阐述了传感器的标定方法,并综合论述了车道线检测、障碍物检测、红绿灯检测等环境感知中的关键技术;同时,从高精度地图环境定位、汽车自身定位、多传感器融合定位以及无线通信辅助定位等方面,对汽车定位技术进行了分析。最后,剖析了无人驾驶汽车环境感知与定位技术的难点,并展望了未来研究的发展趋势。
关键词:无人驾驶;环境感知;定位;难点;发展趋势
中图分类号:TP242.6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-2550( 2021) 06-0053-08 Environment Perception And Location Technology Of Driverless
Vehicles
XU Wen-xuan l, LI Wei 2
(1. College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China;
2. College of information science and Engineering Chongqingjiaotong University,
Chongqing 400074, China)
Abstract: Environment perception and location technology is the key component ofdriverless vehicles. Based on the overall architecture of the driverless vehicle system, thispaper first introduces the principles and characteristics of various environmental sensors, andcompares the advantages and disadvantages of each technology. Then, the calibration methodof the sensor is described, and the key technologies of environment perception, such as lanedetection, obstacle detection, traffic light detection, are comprehensively discussed; Besides,from the high-precision map environment positioning, vehicle positioning, multi-sensor fusionpositioning and wireless communication aided positioning, the vehicle positioning technology isanalyzed. Finally, this paper analyses the difficulties of environmental perception and locationtechnology for driverless vehicles, and forecasts the development trend of future research.
Key Words: Driverless Vehicles; Environmental Perception; Location; Difficulties; DevelopmentTrend
1 無人驾驶汽车系统架构
无人驾驶是一个软硬件结合的复杂系统,主要分为感知定位、决策规划、控制执行三大技术模块。感知模块主要通过摄像头、雷达等传感器探测周围环境,定位模块主要包括卫星定位、惯性导航定位和多传感器融合定位。同时,新兴的高精度地图技术和V2X协同技术都为无人驾驶汽车的环境感知和定位提供了较大的帮助。规划模块利用传感器探测的环境信息和定位系统获得的位置信息进行路由寻径,规划一条最适合的道路,以实现从起始地到目的地。决策模块会接收路由寻径产生的寻径结果并决定无人汽车该如何驾驶,包括如何正常跟车、当遇到交通标志时怎么处理,遇到行人时如何避让等。决策规划是对外在的道路进行判断,而车内的具体操作将由控制执行模块来实现。……