减氮配施脲酶/硝化抑制剂对冬瓜品质、产量和土壤氮磷淋失的影响

李学文 李树营 王齐龙 刘家友 萧洪东 施卫明 喻敏

摘 要：采用田间小区试验，研究了在氮肥减施基础上配施脲酶/硝化抑制剂对我国南方热带地区露地冬瓜产量、品质，以及土壤氮磷养分淋溶的影响。结果表明，与正常施肥处理相比，氮肥减施30%会导致冬瓜单果质量降低，减产约8.30%，而配施脲酶/硝化抑制剂后冬瓜增产17.03%，并且维持较低的亚硝酸盐含量和较高的品质;氮肥减施能够有效降低土壤氮素淋溶损失，同时与氮肥减施处理相比，配施硝化抑制剂处理能够减少约17.32%总氮和5.13%硝态氮的淋失。综上所述，在我国南方热带地区冬瓜种植过程中，减少氮肥施用量同时配施脲酶/硝化抑制剂，能够有效保证冬瓜品质和产量，并降低菜地耕层土壤中氮素淋溶，具有显著的环境效益。

关键词：冬瓜;露地蔬菜;化肥减施;脲酶抑制剂;硝化抑制剂;淋溶

中图分类号：S642.3+S606+.2 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1673-2871（2021）01-055-05

Effect of urease/nitrification inhibitors combined with reduction of nitrogen on quality， yield and nitrogen & phosphorus leaching of black wax gourd

LI Xuewen1， LI Shuying1， WANG Qilong1， LIU Jiayou1， XIAO Hongdong1， SHI Weiming1，2， YU Min1

（1. International Center for Membrane Biology and Environment， Foshan University， Foshan 528000， Guangdong， China; 2. Nanjing Soil Research Institute， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Nanjing 210000， Jiangsu， China）

Abstract：The effects of applying nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor on the yield and quality of black wax gourd， the contents of soil nitrogen and phosphorus， and the leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus were studied in a field experiment. The results showed that the yield of black wax gourd decreased by 8.30% when the fertilizer was reduced by 30% compared with the normal fertilization， while the yield of black wax gourd increased by 17.03% when the nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor were added on the basis of fertilizer， and low nitrite content was found in the fruit. Reduction of nitrogen fertilizer could effectively reduce the leaching loss of soil nitrogen， and the combined application of nitrification inhibitors could reduce the leaching loss of total nitrogen by 17.32% and nitrate nitrogen by 5.13% compared with reduction of nitrogen fertilizer. In conclution， in the process of planting black wax gourd in the open field in south China， reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer and applying nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor can effectively guarantee the yield and quality of black wax gourd， and reduce the nitrogen residue and leaching loss， which has significant economic and environmental benefits.

Key words： Wax gourd; Open field vegetables; Reducing chemical fertilizers; Urease inhibitor; Nitrification inhibitor; Leaching

蔬菜作為人们日常饮食中必不可少的组成部分，提供了人体所需的多种维生素和矿物质。大多数蔬菜具有根系浅和喜肥水等特性，在实际生产过程中存在化肥施用量高、肥料利用率低等问题。盲目施肥，尤其是氮肥的大量施用，容易导致菜地土壤理化性状恶化，并引发农业面源污染等问题[1-3]。由于灌水量大和灌水频率高等，菜地土壤氮素易随着地表径流进入地表水或通过淋溶进入地下水，从而导致地表水的富营养化和地下水的硝酸盐污染 [4-5]。因此，如何在保证蔬菜品质和产量的基础上减少化肥投入、降低对环境的影响，已成为现代露地蔬菜生产迫切需要解决的问题之一。……