周卫 刘克洪 胡晓华
[摘要] 意识障碍(Disorder of consciousness,DOC)包括無反应觉醒综合征(Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome,UWS)和最小意识状态(Minimal state of consciousness,MCS)。近年来意识障碍患者的意识转归成为本专业的研究热点。意识障碍患者意识转归的发生可能是自发出现的,也可能是药物、电或磁等因素刺激引起的。药物治疗目前是治疗意识障碍比较常用的治疗手段,且相关研究较多。因此,本文从药物作用机制以及临床疗效等方面综合阐述了唑吡坦、金刚烷胺、巴氯芬等西药和安宫牛黄丸、醒脑静等中成药对意识障碍患者意识好转的作用。
[关键词] 意识障碍;唑吡坦;金刚烷胺;药物治疗
[Abstract] Disorder of consciousness(DOC) includes unresponsive wakefulness syndrome(UWS) and minimal state of consciousness(MCS). In recent years, the consciousness outcome of patients with DOC has become a research hotspot in this field. The occurrence of consciousness outcome of patients with DOC may happen spontaneously, or may be caused by the stimulation of drugs, electricity or magnetism. At present, drug therapy is a commonly used treatment for DOC, and there are many related researches. Therefore, the functions of western medicines such as zolpidem, amantadine and baclofen, and Chinese patent medicines such as Angong Niuhuang pill and Xingnaojing on improving consciousness of patients with DOC from the aspects of drug action mechanism and clinical therapeutic efficacy were comprehensively expounded in this paper.
[Key words] Disorder of consciousness; Zolpidem; Amantadine; Medical treatment
脑损伤意识障碍(Disorder of consciousness,DOC)包括无反应觉醒综合征(Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome,UWS)和最小意识状态(Minimal state of consciousness,MCS)两类[1,2],目前临床上对意识障碍的治疗方法多种多样,其中包括高压氧舱治疗[3]、常规用药、感官环境刺激、针灸[4]以及康复理疗等,这些治疗方法虽然都有一定的临床疗效,但其作用机制尚未完全明确[5]。
颅脑损伤后意识障碍的恢复在临床上可以选用多种药物,但都没有较强的循证医学证据支持[6]。临床上主要分西药和中成药。西药主要包括作用于多巴胺能系统和谷氨酸能系统两大类,常用的有溴隐亭、金刚烷胺、巴氯芬、唑吡坦及盐酸纳洛酮。中药促醒主要有安宫牛黄丸和醒脑静[7]。以下分别对各类药物进行阐述。
1 西药类
1.1 作用于多巴胺能系统
1.1.1 溴隐亭 多巴胺受体的数量及敏感性下降与脑损害关系密切。国外相关临床研究认为颅脑损伤后机体丘脑下部和前额叶受损,脑内多巴胺通路发生改变,双侧前额叶的多巴胺神经元兴奋度较损伤前明显下降,最终导致持续性UWS[8]。……